Submit a Manuscript: https://www.f6publishing.com World J Psychiatry 2022 April 19; 12(4): 636-650
提交手稿： https：//www.f6publishingcom世界精神病学杂志 2022 年 4 月 19 日;12（4）：636-650

Effects of mindfulness-based intervention programs on sleep among people with common mental disorders: A systematic review and
基于正念的干预计划对常见精神障碍患者睡眠的影响： 系统性研究和

meta-analysis
Meta 分析

Sunny Ho-Wan Chan, Danielle Lui, Hazel Chan, Kelly Sum, Ava Cheung, Hayley Yip, Chong Ho Yu
SunnyHo-Wan Chan，DanielleLui，Hazel Chan，Kelly Sum， Ava Cheung，Hayley Yip， ChongHo Yu

Specialty type: Psychiatry 专业类型： 精神病学 Provenance and peer review: 来源和同行评审： Invited article; Externally peer reviewed. 特邀文章外部同行评审。 Peer-review model: Single blind 同行评议模式：单盲 Peer-review report’s scientific quality classification 同行评议报告的科学质量分类 Grade A (Excellent): 0 A 级（优秀）：0 Grade B (Very good): 0 B 级（很好）： 0 Grade C (Good): C C 级（良好）：C Grade D (Fair): 0 D 级（合格）：0 Grade E (Poor): 0 E 级（较差）： 0 P-Reviewer: Kim Y, United States P-审稿人： Kim Y， 美国 Received: February 24, 2021 收稿日期： 2021-02-24 Peer-review started: February 24, 2021 同行评审开始时间：2021 年 2 月 24 日 First decision: April 21, 2021 第一次决定：2021 年 4 月 2 日1 日 Revised: April 24, 2021 修订日期：2021 年 4 月 24 日 Accepted: March 14, 2022 录用日期： 2022-03-14 Article in press: March 14, 2022 新闻文章： March 14,2022 Published online: April 19, 2022 在线发布时间：2022 年 4 月 19 日

RESULTS
结果

We identified 397 articles, of which 10 randomised controlled trials, involving a total of 541 participants, were included in the meta-analysis. Studies of internet mindfulness meditation intervention (IMMI), mindfulness meditation (MM), mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT), mindfulness-based stress reduction
我们确定了 397篇文章，其中10 项随机对照试验，共涉及541 名参与者，被纳入荟萃分析。互联网正念冥想干预研究（IMMI），正念冥想（MM），基于正念的认知疗法（MBCT），基于正念的减压

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Chan SHW et al. Meta-analysis of MBI programs on sleep
ChanSHW等人。 MBI计划对睡眠的荟萃分析

(MBSR) and mindfulness-based touch therapy (MBTT) met the inclusion criteria. The greatest effect sizes are reported in favour of MBTT, with SMDs of -1.138 (95%CI: -1.937 to -0.340; P = 0.005), followed by -1.003 (95%CI: -1.645 to -0.360; P = 0.002) for MBCT. SMDs of -0.618 (95%CI: - 0.980 to -0.257; P = 0.001) and -0.551 (95%CI: -0.842 to -0.260; P < 0.0001) were reported for IMMI and MBSR in the pooling trials, respectively. Significant effects on sleep problem improvement are shown in all reviewed MBI programs, except MM, for which the effect size was shown to be non- significant
（MBSR） 和基于正念的触摸疗法 （MBTT） 符合纳入标准。据报道，SMD 为 -1.138 的 MBTT 效应量最大（95% CI -1.937 至 -0.340;P = 0.005），然后是 -1.003（95% CI：-1.645 至 -0.360;P = 0.002），对于 -0.618 的 MBCTSMD （95% CI- 0.980 至 -0.257;P = 0.001）和 -0.551 （95% CI： -0.842 至 -0.260;在合并试验中分别报告了 IMMI 和 MBSR 的 P < 0.0001）。所有经过审查的 MBI 计划都显示了对睡眠问题改善的显着影响，但 MM 除外，其效应量被证明不显著.

CONCLUSION
结论

All MBI programs (MBTT, MBCT, IMMI andMBSR), except MM, are effective options to improve sleep problems among people with depression or anxiety disorder.
除 MM 外，所有 MBI 计划（MBTT、MBCT、IMMI 和MBSR）都是改善抑郁症或焦虑症患者睡眠问题的有效选择。

KeyWords: Mindfulness-based intervention programs; Common mental disorders; Sleep; Systematic review; Meta-analysis
关键词： 基于正念的干预 programs;常见的精神障碍;睡;系统评价;Meta 分析

©The Author(s) 2022. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.
©作者 2022 年。由BaishidengPublishing Group Inc. 出版 保留所有权利。

Citation: Chan SHW, Lui D, Chan H, Sum K, Cheung A, Yip H, Yu CH. Effects of mindfulness-based intervention
引用：ChanSHW， Lui D， Chan H，Sum K， Cheung A， YipH，Yu CH.正念干预的效果

programs on sleep among people with common mental disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis. World J Psychiatry 2022; 12(4): 636-650
常见精神障碍患者睡眠计划：系统评价和荟萃分析世界精神病学杂志 2022;12（4）：636-650

URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/2220-3206/full/v12/i4/636.htm
网址：https://www.wjgnet.com/2220-3206/full/v12/i4/636.htm

DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.5498/wjp.v12.i4.636
DOI： https://dx.doi.org/10.5498/wjp.v12.i4.636

Depression and anxiety disorder, also known as common mental disorders, are conditions that critically affect people’s emotions, energy and ability to function. Approximately 1 in 5 adults were identified as meeting criteria for a common mental disorder over the past 12 mo, with the lifetime prevalence reported as 20.8% and 28.8% for depression and anxiety disorder, respectively[1,2]. Both depression and anxiety disorder are among the top 10 causes of disease burden worldwide[3], prompting the necessity to find ways for better treatment and planning of care
抑郁症和焦虑症，也称为常见的精神障碍，是严重影响人们的情绪、精力和功能能力的疾病。在过去 12 个月中，大约每 5 名成年人中就有 1 名被确定为符合常见精神障碍的标准，据报道抑郁症和焦虑症的终生患病率分别为 20.8% 和 28.8%[12]。抑郁症和焦虑症都是全球疾病负担的 10 大原因之一[3]，因此有必要寻找更好的治疗和护理规划方法.

Insomnia frequently co-occurs with both depression[4] and anxiety disorder[5]. Sleep problems, which include difficulty in falling asleep, early awakening, poor sleep quality, daytime sleepiness and poor adherence to the sleep-wake cycle pattern, are particularly prevalent among people with depression and anxiety disorder[6]. The relationships between insomnia and common mental disorders appear to be bidirectional[7]. Symptoms of anxiety and depression, such as worry and rumination, can contribute to insomnia. Alternatively, insomnia can also increase the likelihood of developing depression or anxiety disorder, possibly due to the psychological distress as well as hormonal and neurochemical disturbances caused by poor sleep[8,9]. Thus, interventions aiming at reducing symptoms of insomnia should provide benefit for the disorder per se[10].
失眠经常与抑郁症 [4] 和焦虑症 [5] 同时发生。睡眠问题，包括入睡困难、早醒、睡眠质量差、白天嗜睡和对睡眠-觉醒周期模式的依从性差，在患有抑郁症和焦虑症[6]。失眠和常见精神障碍之间的关系似乎是双向的[7]。焦虑和抑郁的症状，如忧愁和反刍，都会导致失眠。或者，失眠也会增加患抑郁症或焦虑症的可能性，这可能是由于心理干扰以及荷尔蒙和神经化学作用睡眠不佳引起的干扰[8， 9]。 因此，旨在诱发失眠症状的干预措施应该为疾病本身提供益处[10]。

Individuals may consider psychotherapy instead of pharmaceutical treatment, due to possible side effects and potential dependence on medication[11-13]. Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) has been substantially confirmed to be an effective psychosocial treatment in managing depression and anxiety [14,15]. In a meta-analysis of 1205 CBT trials for anxiety disorders, results indicated that CBT for anxiety has a moderate effect on sleep[16]. In terms of the treatment of both depression and insomnia, another study found that the addition of CBT for insomnia (known as CBT-I) to antidepressant medication treatment can lead to better treatment outcomes [17]. However, some reviews showed that the effect sizes of CBT for depression have steadily decreased since its inception four decades ago [18,19]. Therefore, merely employing CBT might not be sufficient for managing mood disorders and their corresponding sleep problems.
由于可能的副作用和对药物的潜在依赖性，个体可能会考虑心理治疗而不是药物治疗[11-13]。认知行为疗法 （CBT） 已被基本证实是管理抑郁和焦虑的有效社会心理治疗方法[14， 15]。 在一项对 1205 项针对焦虑症的 CBT试验的荟萃分析中，结果表明CBT治疗焦虑对睡眠有中等影响[16]。 在抑郁症和失眠症的治疗方面，另一项研究发现，在抗抑郁药物治疗中加入治疗失眠的 CBT（称为CBT-I）可以带来更好的治疗结果[17]。 然而，一些综述表明，CBT对抑郁症的疗效自4年前开始以来一直在稳步下降[18， 19]。因此，仅使用CBT可能不足以管理情绪障碍及其相应的睡眠问题。

Due to the limitations of traditional treatments, many people who experience insomnia are willing to consider using complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) as an alternative therapeutic option,
由于传统疗法的局限性，许多失眠患者愿意考虑使用补充和替代医学 （CAM） 作为替代治疗选择，

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Chan SHW et al. Meta-analysis of MBI programs on sleep
ChanSHW等人。 MBI计划对睡眠的荟萃分析

including natural herbal products, acupuncture, or mind-body interventions, for example. A national health survey revealed that approximately 1.6 million adults in the United States have used CAM therapies to treat sleep problems[20]. Among different CAM therapies, the mind-body domains are by far the most commonly used[20]. Mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs), as a kind of CAM mind-body treatment with a focus on cultivating a sense of awareness, was originally developed to help people dealing with stress, anxiety, depression, or pain[21]. Mindfulness (Pali: sati) originated from Buddhism. As such, mindfulness can be defined as deliberately cultivating non-judgmental moment-to-moment awareness and experiences, through observing one’s own mind in a detached manner [22]. Various formal and informal mindfulness activities, such as body scan and sitting meditation, are included within the MBIs. Through these practices, the technique of ‘focusing on present moment’ can be acquired based on approach, compassion and decentring[23]. The inquiry process, which assists participants in identifying their thoughts, emotions and behaviours, is also included in these programs to help participants respond with more flexibility and awareness[24].
例如，包括天然草药产品、针灸或身心干预。一项全国健康调查显示，美国成年人中约有1.6毫使用 CAM疗法治疗睡眠问题[20]。在不同的CAM疗法中，身心疗法是迄今为止最常用的[20]。 基于正念的干预 （MBI） 作为一种专注于培养意识的 CAM身心治疗，最初是为了帮助人们应对压力、焦虑、抑郁或疼痛[21]。 正念（Palisati）起源于佛教因此，正念可以定义为刻意培养非评判性的每时每刻的意识和体验，通过以超然的方式观察一个人的own心[22]。MBI 包括各种正式和非正式的心理活动，例如身体扫描和坐着冥想。通过这些实践，可以获得基于方法、悲悯和中心化的“专注于预先发送的时刻”的技术[23]。 探究过程，帮助参与者识别他们的想法、情绪和行为，也包含在这些计划中，以帮助参与者以更灵活的方式回答。意识[24]。

Conventional MBI has standardised protocols, and typically incorporates three formal mindfulness practices, namely body scan, mindful movement and sitting meditation[23]. A traditional program called mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR), kicking off the development of the mindfulness- based program in the health care domain, was first introduced by Kabat-Zinn[22]. It is an 8-wk program using mindfulness meditation (MM) and mindfulness practice in everyday life to relieve stress. Since then, another well-researched program — mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) — was developed with comparable structures [25]. It is also an 8-wk program, which includes mindfulness practice and psychoeducation about depression, promoting awareness, acceptance and adaptive reaction towards negative automatic thoughts[25]. Apart from preventing relapse in depression, MBCT is also used to treat patients with psychiatric conditions, like anxiety disorders and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)[26,27].
传统的 MBI 具有标准化的协议，通常包括三种正式的正念练习，即身体扫描、正念运动和坐着冥想[23]。首先引入了一个名为基于正念的减压 （MBSR） 的额外计划，该计划开始了医疗保健领域基于正念的计划的发展作者：Kabat-Zinn[22]。这是一个为期 8 周的计划，在日常生活中使用正念冥想 （MM） 和正念练习来缓解压力。从那时起，另一个经过充分研究的项目——基于正念的认知疗法 （MBCT） ——被开发出来，具有类似的结构es[25]。 它也是一个8 周的计划，包括正念练习和关于depression 的心理教育，促进对消极自动想法的认识、接受和适应性反应[25]。除了预防抑郁症复发外，MBCT 还用于治疗患有精神疾病的患者，如焦虑症和创伤后应激障碍。PTSD）[26， 27]。

Since the commencement of MBSR, various forms of mindfulness programs have evolved with different adaptations or modifications, such as the Mindfulness-Based Therapy for Insomnia (MBTI) [28], internet mindfulness meditation intervention (IMMI)[29], Mindfulness Awareness Program (MAP) [30], or mindfulness-based touch therapy (MBTT)[31]. Specifically, MBTI was developed for patients with insomnia. It integrates mindful meditation and behavioural therapy. By promoting awareness and adaptive response towards sleep disturbances, MBTI helps people with chronic insomnia with sleep restrictions and stimulus control[28]. IMMI was developed to offer mindfulness training anytime and anywhere by use of an Internet mode of delivery. IMMI includes six 1-h weekly sessions with 20 min of home-practice meditation between sessions [29]. MAP aims to teach participants principles of mindfulness, develop meditation practice and apply them in daily lives. MAP is mainly conducted in community settings, with a combination of lecture, hands-on practice, group feedback and discussion [30]. MBTT is an 8-wk program that combines components of MBSR and touch therapy. It was inspired by Ogden et al[32]’s model of hierarchical information processing, in which touch stimulus triggers sensorimotor reaction, which is then experienced as emotions and interpreted cognitively. Touch is believed to have healing effects on both the mind and body[31].
自MBSR 开始以来，各种形式的正念课程已经发展起来，有不同的适应或修改，例如基于正念的失眠疗法 （MBTI）[28]、互联网正念冥想干预 （IMMI）[29]、正念意识计划 （MAP）[30] 或基于正念的触摸疗法 （MBTT）[31]。具体来说，MBTI是为失眠患者开发的。它整合了正念冥想和行为疗法。通过提高对睡眠障碍的认识和适应性反应，MBTI帮助慢性失眠患者限制睡眠和刺激控制[28]。IMMI 的开发旨在通过使用互联网交付方式随时随地提供正念训练。IMMI包括每周 6 次1 小时的课程，两次之间有 20分钟的家庭练习冥想[29]。MAP旨在教授参与者正念的原则，发展冥想练习并将其应用于日常生活。MAP主要在社区环境中进行，结合讲座、动手实践、小组反馈和讨论[30]。 MBTT 是一个 8 周的项目，结合了MBSR和触摸疗法的组成部分，它的灵感来自 Ogden等人[32] 的模型分层信息处理，其中触摸刺激我们触发感觉运动反应，然后作为情绪体验和认知解释。触摸被认为对身心都有治愈作用[31]。

At present, various studies have been published for the different MBIs. However, the review type studies usually focus on the conventional programs, like MBSR or MBCT [33,34]. While there are different forms of emerging MBIs in recent years, it is essential to have a comprehensive evaluation on their clinical effectiveness. Moreover, the traditional MBI programs have usually targeted general physical and psychiatric conditions; later on, they were used in the management of various kinds of physical or psychosomatic conditions, and even insomnia problems[35]. Recent meta-analyses indicated that MBIs show promising effects on the reduction of sleep problems[36-39]. However, these meta- analyses focused on the general population only or on people with physical comorbidities, such as cancer and fibromyalgia. Therefore, systematic review and meta-analysis on the effectiveness of the various MBI programs for sleep problems in individuals with depression or anxiety disorders is implied.
目前，已经发表了针对不同MBI 的各种研究。然而，综述类型的研究通常集中在常规项目上，如MBSR或MBCT[33， 34]。虽然近年来出现了不同形式的新兴 MBI，但对其临床有效性进行全面评价至关重要。此外，传统的MBI计划通常具有针对一般身体和精神状况;后来，他们被用于管理各种身体或心身疾病，甚至失眠问题[35]。 最近的荟萃分析表明，MBIs 在减少睡眠问题方面显示出有希望的效果[36-39]。 然而，这些荟萃分析仅关注普通人群或患有癌症和纤维肌痛等躯体合并症的人群。因此，对各种MBI计划对抑郁或焦虑个体睡眠问题的有效性进行系统评价和荟萃分析暗示了 disorders。

The objective of this meta-analysis was to determine and compare the clinical importance of different MBI programs on sleep problems among individuals with common mental disorders. Based on our research, this meta-analysis is uniquely able to fill a crucial gap in the field
本荟萃分析的目的是确定和比较不同 MBI 计划对常见精神障碍个体睡眠问题的临床重要性。根据我们的研究，这项荟萃分析独特地能够填补该领域的关键空白.

Literature search
文献检索

Literature searches were performed according to the 2009 PRISMA Statement for systematic reviews, by two independent researchers (Lui D and Chan H). The search keywords of “mindfulness” and “mood or anxiety or depress*” and “sleep or insomnia” were used to ensure comprehensive coverage. Keyword searches were conducted in Embase, Medline (accessed through EBSCOhost), PubMed and PsycINFO (accessed through ProQuest) databases. Papers published between January 2010 and June 2020 were included. Publications were only restricted to English language and peer-reviewed.
根据 2009 年 PRISMA声明对两名独立研究人员 （LuiD和ChanH） 的系统评价进行文献检索。 使用“正念”和“情绪或焦虑或抑郁*”和“睡眠或失眠”的检索词来确保全面覆盖。在 Embase、Medline（通过EBSCOhost 访问）、PubMed和PsycINFO（通过ProQuest 访问）数据库中进行关键字搜索。包括 2010 年 1 月至 2020年 6 月期间发表的论文。出版物仅限于英语，并经过同行评审。

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ChanSHW等人。 MBI计划对睡眠的荟萃分析

Study eligibility
研究资格

Titles and abstracts were screened, and full texts were selected for further review according to the following criteria. The inclusion criteria were as follows: (1) Experimental study with MBI; (2) Subjects selected for depression or anxiety disorder; (3) Sleep-related data taken at baseline and post- intervention; and (4) Randomised controlled trials (RCTs). The exclusion criteria were as follows: (1) Mixed intervention; or (2) Subjects with comorbidities other than depression or anxiety disorders. The selection criteria were confirmed according to the results of searching. The PRISMA flow diagram is shown in Figure 1
筛选标题和摘要，并根据以下标准选择全文进行进一步审查。纳入标准如下： （1） MBI 实验研究;（2） 选择抑郁症或焦虑症的受试者;（3） 在基线和干预后采集的睡眠相关数据;（4） 随机对照试验 （RCT）。排除标准如下： （1） 混合干预;或 （2） 患有抑郁症或焦虑症以外的合并症的受试者。根据检索结果确认纳入标准。PRISMA 流程图如图 1 所示.

Data extraction
数据提取

An extraction form was used for each article to collect the following data: year of publication; subject setting; inclusion and exclusion criteria for participants; sample size for the experimental and control groups; participants’ age and sex; intervention given; and outcome measures related to sleep quality. Relevant statistics and effect sizes were also extracted, if available
每篇文章都使用提取表格来收集以下数据：出版年份;主题设置;参与者的纳入和排除标准;实验组和对照组的样本量;参与者的年龄和性别;给予干预;以及与睡眠质量相关的结果测量。如果可用，还提取了相关的统计数据和效应大小.

Assessment on quality
质量评估

Two reviewers (Lui D andYip H), working independently, assessed the level of evidence (LoE) and appraisal stage for each of the articles using a standard quality assessment, namely the LoE [40] and revised cochrane risk-of-bias tool for randomised trials (RoB)[41] respectively. The LoE categorizes different experimental studies into different levels on a scale of I to V, with a smaller number indicating a higher LoE. The RoB was used to assess the risk of bias in the RCTs. A series of signalling questions were available in each of the five domains of assessment, and judgements were facilitated by an algorithm that maps responses to the signalling questions to a proposed judgement. Overall risk of bias of the individual study would be reported as “low risk of bias”, “some concerns” or “high risk of bias” . Disagreements between the two independent reviewers were resolved by a third reviewer through a consensus-based discussion
两名综述作者（Lui D 和 Yip H）独立工作，分别使用标准质量评估，即 LoE [40] 和修订的随机试验偏倚风险工具 （RoB）[41] [41]，评估每篇文章的证据水平 （LoE） 和评价阶段。LoE 将不同的实验研究分为不同的级别，范围为 V 级，数字越小表示 LoE 越高。RoB 用于评估 RCT 的偏倚风险。在五个评估领域中，每个领域都有一系列信号问题，并且通过一种算法来促进判断，该算法将对信号问题的回答映射到建议的判断。单个研究的总体偏倚风险将报告为“低偏倚风险”、“一些担忧”或“高偏倚风险”。两位独立评价员之间的分歧由第三位评价员通过基于共识的讨论解决.

Statistical analysis
统计分析

Statistical analysis of the pooled results was carried out using the Comprehensive Meta-Analysis software version 3.0 (https://www.meta-analysis.com). In nine of the ten studies, standardised mean differences (SMDs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using post-intervention differences between the mean of mindfulness-based programs and the mean of controls, divided by the pooled standard deviation. No real differences in variability among studies were assumed according to the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions[42]. A global estimation of r = 0.6 was, therefore, used as the correlation coefficient between post-treatment scores. In the remaining study, Cohen’s d was calculated using the two groups, via the one-way F-test using a practical meta-analysis effect size calculator[43]. When there was more than one group compared to the MBI group in the RCT, the non-intervention group was used as the control. The Q-statistic was used as the heterogeneity test, in which a statistically significant level of P < 0.05 indicated the variations in effect sizes were due to heterogeneity rather than sampling error. A random-effects model would be used when there was notable heterogeneity. Random-/fixed-effects models were used as the intervention effects are unlikely to be identical[44] given that there are significant variations in characteristics of each sample population. Publication bias was assessed by funnel plot, trim-and-fill and failsafe N. Unless otherwise specified, all statistical tests were two-sided with a significance level of 0.05.
使用ComprehensiveMeta-Analysis软件 3.0 （https://www.meta-analysis.com） 版对合并结果进行统计分析。在 10 项研究中的 9 项研究中，使用基于正念的计划的平均值与控件除以合并的标准差。 根据 Cochrane干预系统评价手册 [42]，假设研究之间的变异性没有真正的差异。因此，将r=0.6的全局估计用作治疗后评分之间的相关系数。在其余研究中，使用实用的荟萃分析效应量计算器通过单向F 检验使用两组计算 Cohen 的d[43]。 当RCT中与 MBI组相比有不止一组时，非干预组被用作对照。采用Q 统计量作为异质性检验，其中P<0.05 的统计学显著水平表明效应量的变异ns 为由于异质性而不是抽样误差。当存在明显的异质性时，将使用随机效应模型。 使用随机/固定效应模型，干预效果不太可能相同[44]，因为每个样本的特征存在显著差异除非另有说明，否则所有统计检验均为双侧，显著性水平为 0.05。

Study selection
研究选择

A total of 808 entries were identified through database searches, and 397 of them were screened after duplicates removed. After reading the abstract and title of the remaining 397, we removed 25 reviews, case reports, and protocols. Full versions were retrieved for 372 papers, after which they were reviewed by two independent researchers (Chan H and Sum K) and disagreements were resolved by a third reviewer (Lui D) on a consensus-based discussion. In total, 362 full articles were excluded for not meeting all the inclusion criteria. Finally, 10 eligible studies were selected for systematic review and meta-analysis (details shown in Figure 1).
通过数据库检索共识别出808 个条目，其中 397个条目在去掉重复项后进行筛选。在阅读了其余397 篇的摘要和标题后，我们删除了25 篇综述、病例报告和方案。检索了 372 篇论文的完整版本，之后由两名独立研究人员 （ChanH和SumK） 审查，第三名审查员 （LuiD） 解决了分歧。总共有 362 篇完整的文章因不符合所有纳入标准而被排除在外。最后，选择了 10 项符合条件的研究进行系统评价和荟萃分析（详情如图 1 所示）。

Study characteristics
研究特征

Ten studies met the inclusion criteria, overall reporting five different kinds of mindfulness-based programs, including IMMI, MM, MBCT, MBSR and MBTT. Table 1 shows the study characteristics of the 10 trials. The studies were conducted in the United States, Germany, Norway, Australia and Austria, within years that fell between 2010 and 2019. A total of 541 participants were included in the intervention groups and comparison groups. When there were multiple intervention groups, we chose the mindfulness-based programs as the major intervention groups[45-47].
10项研究符合纳入标准，总体报告了5种不同类型的静观项目，包括IMMI、MM、MBCT、MBSR和MBTT。 表 1显示了 10 项试验的研究特征特性。 这些研究在美国、德国、挪威、澳大利亚和奥地利进行，时间从 2010 年到2019 年不等。干预组和对照组共纳入541 名参与者。当存在多个干预组时，我们选择基于正念的项目作为主要干预组[45-47]。

WJP

Chan SHW et al. Meta-analysis of MBI programs on sleep
ChanSHW等人。 MBI计划对睡眠的荟萃分析

Age
年龄

range (mean)
范围（平均值）

Women, n (%)
女性，n（%）

Randomisation
随机化

Intervention
介入

group
群

(comparison group)
（比较组）

Intervention duration
干预持续时间

size
大小

calculation,
计算

n

Outcome
结果

measure for sleep
睡眠测量