ใๆนๅๅ่ฉ๏ผใ๏ผ่ฆใใใซ้ขใใ่ๅฏ
โโๆๅณใไธญๅฟใซ Considerations on "Direction Noun + wo + Miru"
- Centered on meaning
่ฆๆจ Abstract
ๆฌใฌใใผใใฏใๆฅๆฌ่ชใฎใๆนๅๅ่ฉ๏ผใ๏ผ่ฆใใๆงๆใฎๆๅณ็็นๅพดใไธญๅฟ ใซ่ๅฏใ่กใใใพใใใๆนๅๅ่ฉ๏ผใ๏ผ่ฆใใใฎๆๅณใใไธ่ฌๅ่ฉ๏ผใ๏ผ่ฆ ใใใจ็ฐใชใ็นใๆใใใซใใใใฎๆงๆใ่ฆ็ทใฎๆนๅใ็คบใใ่ฆ่ฆๆ ๅ ฑใๅพ ใๆๅณใ่ใใใจใๆๆใใใๆฌกใซใไธ็ใฎไป่จ่ชใจๆฏ่ผใใๆฅๆฌ่ชใซใใ ใใๆนๅๅ่ฉ๏ผใ๏ผ่ฆใใใฎๆๆณ็็นๆฎๆงใๅๆใใใใใใซใใ่ฆใใใจใ ใๅ่ฉใฎไบ่ฑก่คๅๆงใ็ฌ้ๆงใจ็ถ็ถๆงใใใใฆ็งปๅๅ่ฉใธใฎ็งป่กๆงใซใคใใฆ่ฉณ่ฟฐใใใใจใงใใๆนๅๅ่ฉ๏ผใ๏ผ่ฆใใใฎๆง้ ใซใใใๆๅณ็็ฌ่ชๆงใ็คบ ใใ This report focuses on the semantic characteristics of the Japanese construction "direction noun + wo + miru." First, it clarifies the differences in meaning between "direction noun + wo + miru" and "common noun + wo + miru," pointing out that this construction indicates the direction of gaze and has a weak intention of obtaining visual information. Next, it analyzes the grammatical specificity of "direction noun + wo + miru" in Japanese by comparing it with other languages around the world. Furthermore, by detailing the event complexity of the verb "miru," its momentariness and continuity, and its transition to motion verbs, it demonstrates the semantic uniqueness within the structure of "direction noun + wo + miru."
ไธใๆฅๆฌ่ชใซใใใใๆนๅๅ่ฉ๏ผใๅ่ฆใใใฎๆๅณ็็นๆฎๆง 1. The semantic specificity of "direction noun + wo ju miru" in Japanese
ๆฅๆฌ่ชใซใใใใๆนๅๅ่ฉ๏ผใ๏ผ่ฆใใใฎๆๅณใฏใใไธ่ฌๅ่ฉ๏ผใ๏ผ่ฆใใ ใจใฏ็ฐใชใใใใฎๆๅณใฎ็นๆฎๆงใๆค่จผใใใใใซใใไธ่ฌๅ่ฉ๏ผใฎใปใใใๆนๅๅ่ฉๅใฎๆ็ถใใจใใฆ๏ผๆฌใฌใใผใใงใฏใไธ่ฌๅ่ฉ๏ผใฎใปใใใๆนๅๅ่ฉ ใจ่ฆใชใ๏ผใใไธ่ฌๅ่ฉ + ใฎใปใ +ใ + ่ฆใใใจใไธ่ฌๅ่ฉ + ใ + ่ฆใใใฎๆๅณใๆฏ่ผใใใ The meaning of "direction noun + wo + miru" in Japanese is different from "common noun + wo + miru." To examine the specificity of that meaning, I will consider "common noun + no hou" as a process of direction noun formation (in this report, "common noun + no hou" is regarded as a direction noun) and compare the meanings of "common noun + no hou + wo + miru" and "common noun + wo + miru."
๏ผ1๏ผa ๆใใฟใใใฉใใฟใใชใใฃใใ I saw a star, but I couldn't see it.
๏ผ1๏ผbๆใฎใปใใใฟใใใฉใใฟใใชใใฃใใ I looked at planet b, but I couldn't see it.
ไธ่จใฎไบใคใฎๆใฏใๆๆณ็ใซใฉใกใใๆ็ซใใใใ(1)a ใฏ็นๅฎใฎๆกไปถใๆ่ใ้คใใฆใๆๅณ็ใซ็็พใใใใ๏ผ1๏ผaใซใใใฆใใๆใ่ฆใใใจใใ่ก็บ ใๅฎไบใใฆใใใฎใซๅฏพใใใ่ฆใใชใใคใใใจใใ็ตๆใ็็พใใฆใใใ ใใ้ๅธธใฎๆ่ใงใฏๆๅณใ้ใใซใใใ็นๅฎใฎๆกไปถใๆ่ใจใใใจใไพใ ใฐใ่ฆ่ฆ้ๅฎณ่ ใๅคฉไฝ่ฆณๆธฌใ่ฉฆใฟใๅ ดๅใซใ่ฆใใใจใใ่ก็บ่ชไฝใ่ฉฆใฟใ ใใ่ฆใใชใใฃใใใจใใ็ตๆใ่กจใใใจใใใใใคใพใใใไธ่ฌๅ่ฉๅใๅ่ฆใใใฏใๅฏพ่ฑก็ฉใ่ฆใใใจ่ชไฝใ็ฎ็ใงใใใ่ฆ่ฆๆ ๅ ฑใๅพใๆๅณใๅผท ใใๅ ทไฝ็ใชๅฏพ่ฑกใ่ฆใใใจใๅๆใจใใฆใใใ The two sentences above are both grammatically valid, but (1)a has a semantic contradiction except under specific conditions or contexts. In (1)a, the act of "seeing the stars" is completed, while the result of "not being able to see" is contradictory, making it difficult to understand in a normal context. Specific conditions or contexts might include, for example, a visually impaired person attempting to observe celestial bodies, where the act of "seeing" itself is attempted but the result is "not being able to see." In other words, "seeing a general noun" implies that the act of seeing the object itself is the goal, with a strong intention to obtain visual information, and it assumes the viewing of a specific object.
ใใใซๅฏพใใฆใ๏ผ1๏ผb ใฏๆๆณ็ใซใๆๅณ็ใซใๆ็ซใใใๅณใกใ่ฆ็ทใๆใฎๆนๅใซๅใใใใ้ๅฎณ็ฉใๅคฉๅใชใฉใฎ็็ฑใงใๅฎ้ใซใฏๆใ่ฆ็ใซๅ ฅใใชใ ใฃใใใจใๆๅณใใใใคใพใใใๆนๅๅ่ฉ๏ผใ๏ผ่ฆใใใฏใๆนๅใ่ฆใใใจ In contrast, (1) b is valid both grammatically and semantically. That is, it means that the gaze was directed towards the star, but due to obstacles or weather conditions, the star was not actually in sight. In other words, "direction noun + ใ + see" refers to looking in the direction.
ใๅๆใจใใฆใ่ฆ็ทใฎๆนๅใ็คบใใใฎใงใใใ่ฆ่ฆๆ ๅ ฑใๅพใๆๅณใ่ ใใ Based on this premise, it indicates the direction of gaze and has little intention of obtaining visual information.
ไปฅไธใฎใใใซใๆฅๆฌ่ชใซใใใฆใใๆนๅๅ่ฉ๏ผใ๏ผ่ฆใใใฎๆๅณใฏใไธ่ฌๅ่ฉ๏ผใ๏ผ่ฆใใใจใฏ็ฐใชใใๆฌกใซใใๆนๅๅ่ฉ๏ผใ๏ผ่ฆใใใซใใใฆๆๅณ ใฎ็นๆฎๆงใๅฎ็พใใๆๆณไธใฎ็นๅพดใซใคใใฆ่ๅฏใใใ As mentioned above, in Japanese, the meaning of "direction noun + wo + miru" is different from "common noun + wo + miru." Next, I will consider the grammatical features that realize the specificity of meaning in "direction noun + wo + miru."
ไบใไธ็่จ่ชใซใใใใๆนๅๅ่ฉ๏ผใ๏ผ่ฆใใใฎๆๆณ็็นๆฎ 2. The grammatical peculiarities of "direction noun + wo + miru" in world languages
ๆง
ไธ็่จ่ชใซใใใฆใใๆนๅๅ่ฉ๏ผใ๏ผ่ฆใใใฏไปฅไธใฎใใใซๆๆณ็ใช็นๆฎๆง ใๆใฃใฆใใใ In world languages, "direction noun + wo + see" has the following grammatical peculiarities.
2.1ๆฅๆฌ่ช 2.1 Japanese
๏ผ2๏ผa-1 ๆใใใๅผตใใใ่ฆใใ Mr. Li saw Mr. Zhang.
๏ผ2๏ผb-1 ๆใใใๅผตใใใฎใปใใ่ฆใใ Mr. Li looked towards Mr. Zhang.
ๆฅๆฌ่ชใงใฏใๅ่ฉใจๅฉ่ฉใซๅคๅใใชใใไธ่ฌๅ่ฉใฎๅพใซๅฝขๅผๅ่ฉใใปใใ ใๅ ใใฆๆนๅๅ่ฉๅใฎๆ็ถใใใใใใจใงใใๆนๅๅ่ฉ๏ผใ๏ผ่ฆใใใฎๆๅณใๅคๅใใ่ฆ่ฆๆๅณใๅผท่ชฟใใใซๅไฝใฎๆนๅใ็คบใใใใซใชใใ In Japanese, when there are no changes in verbs and particles, adding the formal noun "hou" after a common noun undergoes the process of directional noun formation, changing the meaning of "directional noun + wo + miru" to indicate the direction of the action without emphasizing the visual intention.
2.2 ไธญๅฝ่ช 2.2 Chinese
๏ผ2๏ผa-2 ๅฐๆ็่งไบๅฐๅผ ใ Little Li saw Little Zhang.
๏ผ2๏ผb-2 ๅฐๆ็ๅไบๅฐๅผ ใ Little Li looked at Little Zhang.
ไธญๅฝ่ชใงใฏใๅ่ฉ "็"ใฏๅคใใใชใใใๅ่ฉๅฅใ "็่ง"ใจใใใๅ่ฉๅ่ฃ่ชใใใ "็ๅ"ใจใใใๅ่ฉ๏ผๅ็ฝฎ่ฉใใซๅคๅใใใ In Chinese, the verb "็" remains unchanged, but the verb phrase changes from "็่ง," which is a "verb plus complement," to "็ๅ," which is a "verb plus preposition."
2. 3 ่ฑ่ช 2. 3 English
๏ผ2๏ผa-3 Li saw Zhang. (2) a-3 Li saw Zhang.
(2) b-3 Li looked at Zhang. Li looked at Zhang.
่ฑ่ชใงใฏใ"looked"ใจ"saw"ใฏใใใใ"look"ใจ"see"ใซๅฏพๅฟใใ็ฐใชใๅ่ฉใง ใใใ"looked at"ใฏๅไฝใฎๆนๅใ็คบใใใใซๅ็ฝฎ่ฉ"at"ใๅฟ ่ฆใจใใใ In English, "looked" and "saw" are different verbs corresponding to "look" and "see," respectively, and "looked at" requires the preposition "at" to indicate the direction of the action.
ใฆใฏใฉใคใ่ชใงใฏใโะฟะพะดะธะฒะธะฒัั"ใจ"ะฟะพะฑะฐัะธะฒ"ใฏใใใใ"ะดะธะฒะธััััโ ใจ"ะฑะฐัะธัั"ใซๅฏพๅฟใใ็ฐใชใๅ่ฉใงใใใโะฟะพะดะธะฒะธะฒัั ะฝะฐ"ใฏๅไฝใฎๆนๅใ็คบใใใใซๅ็ฝฎ่ฉ"ะฝะฐโ ใๅฟ ่ฆใจใใใ In Ukrainian, "ะฟะพะดะธะฒะธะฒัั" and "ะฟะพะฑะฐัะธะฒ" are different verbs corresponding to "ะดะธะฒะธัััั" and "ะฑะฐัะธัั," respectively, and "ะฟะพะดะธะฒะธะฒัั ะฝะฐ" requires the preposition "ะฝะฐ" to indicate the direction of the action.
2.5 ใใคใ่ช 2.5 German
(2) a-5 Li sah Zhang.
(2) b-5 Li sah Zhang an.
ใใคใ่ชใงใฏใๅ่ฉ,sah"่ชไฝใฏๅคใใใชใใใๅไฝใฎๆนๅใ็คบใใใใซๅพ็ฝฎ่ฉ๏ผan"ใ่ฟฝๅ ใใๅฟ ่ฆใใใใ In German, the verb "sah" itself does not change, but it is necessary to add the postposition "an" to indicate the direction of the action.
ไปฅไธใฎไพใใใใใใใใซใๅคใใฎ่จ่ชใงใฏๅไฝใฎๆนๅๆงใๅผท่ชฟใใใใ ใซๅ่ฉใใฎใใฎใๅคๅใใใใจใใใใๆฅๆฌ่ชไปฅๅคใฎ่จ่ชใงใฏใใใจใๅ่ฉ่ชไฝใๅคใใใชใใฆใใไธญๅฝ่ชใฎ"ๅ"ใ่ฑ่ชใฎ"at"ใใฆใฏใฉใคใ่ชใฎ"ะฝะฐ"ใ ใใคใ่ชใฎ,an"ใฎใใใซใๅ็ฝฎ่ฉใๅพ็ฝฎ่ฉใ่ฟฝๅ ใใฆๅไฝใฎๆนๅๆงใ็คบใๅฟ ่ฆใใใใๅ่ฉๅฅใๅคๅใใใไธๆนใๆฅๆฌ่ชใงใฏใๅฝขๅผๅ่ฉใใฎใปใใใ่ฟฝๅ ใใใใจใงใๆนๅๅ่ฉ๏ผใ๏ผ่ฆใใใฎๆๅณใๅคใใใๅไฝใฎ่ฆ่ฆๆๅณใๅผท่ชฟใใใซๅไฝใฎๆนๅๆงใๅซใใใใซใชใใใๅฉ่ฉใฏๅคๅใใชใใใคใพใใๆฅๆฌ่ชใซใใใฆใๆนๅๅ่ฉ๏ผใ๏ผ่ฆใใๆง้ ใฏใ็ฌฌไธ้จใง่ฟฐในใๆๅณใฎ็นๆฎๆง ใๅฎ็พใใ้ใๆๆณ็ใซใฏๅ่ฉๅฅใๅคใใใใๅ่ฉๅฅใๅคๅใใใ As can be seen from the above examples, in many languages, the verb itself may change to emphasize the direction of the action. In languages other than Japanese, even if the verb itself does not change, it is necessary to add prepositions or postpositions, such as "ๅ" in Chinese, "at" in English, "ะฝะฐ" in Ukrainian, and "an" in German, to indicate the direction of the action, resulting in changes to the verb phrase. On the other hand, in Japanese, by adding the formal noun "ใฎใปใ," the meaning of "direction noun + ใ + ่ฆใ" changes, including the direction of the action without emphasizing the visual intention of the action, while the particles do not change. In other words, in Japanese, the structure "direction noun + ใ + ่ฆใ" realizes the specificity of meaning mentioned in the first part, where grammatically the verb phrase does not change, but the noun phrase does.
ใงใฏใใๆนๅๅ่ฉ๏ผใ๏ผ่ฆใใใซใใใฆใใ่ฆใใใฏใฉใฎใใใชๆๅณ็็นๅพดใๆใคใฎใใใใฎใใใๆฌกใซใๆนๅๅ่ฉ๏ผใ๏ผ่ฆใใใซใใใใ่ฆใใใฎ็นๅพดใๆๅณใไธญๅฟใซ่ๅฏใใฆใใใ Now, what semantic characteristics does "่ฆใ" have in "direction noun + ใ + ่ฆใ"? Therefore, next, I will examine the characteristics of "่ฆใ" in "direction noun + ใ + ่ฆใ" focusing on its meaning.
ไธใใๆนๅๅ่ฉ๏ผใ๏ผ่ฆใใใซใใใใ่ฆใใใฎๆๅณ็นๅพต 3. The meaning characteristics of "่ฆใ" in "direction noun + ใ + ่ฆใ"
3.1 ใๆนๅๅ่ฉ๏ผใ๏ผ่ฆใใใซใใใใ่ฆใใใฎไบ่ฑก่คๅๆง 3.1 The event complexity of "่ฆใ" in "direction noun + ใ + ่ฆใ"
ไธ่จใฎไพใใใใใใใใซใ่ฑ่ชใงใฏใใSee ใฏๅฏพ่ฑกใฎๆ ๅใๆขใซๆใใฆใ ใพใฃใ็ถๆ ใๆใใไธๆนใlook ใฏๅฏพ่ฑกใฎๆ ๅใๆใใใใจใใๅชๅใๆใใใใใใซๅฏพใใฆใๆฅๆฌ่ชใงใฏใใฎใใใชๅบๅฅใฏใชใใใ่ฆใใใฏ๏ผ2๏ผa-1 ใฎใ ใใซๅใซใๅฏพ่ฑกใฎๆ ๅใๆขใซๆใใฆใใพใฃใ็ถๆ ใใๆใๅ ดๅใใใใฐใ ๏ผ2๏ผa-2 ใฎใใใซใใใใซใๅฏพ่ฑกใฎๆนๅใพใง่ฆ็ทใ็งปๅใใใใฎๆๅณใๅ ใใๅ ดๅใใใใใๅฏพ่ฑกใฎๆ ๅใๆใใใใจใใๅชๅใใจใใ่กจ็พใไฝฟ็จใใชใ็็ฑใฏใไธ่จใง่ฟฐในใใใใใใซใใๆนๅๅ่ฉ๏ผใ๏ผ่ฆใใใฏใๆนๅใ่ฆใใใจ ใๅๆใจใใฆใ่ฆ็ทใฎๆนๅใ็คบใใใฎใงใใใ่ฆ่ฆๆ ๅ ฑใๅพใๆๅณใ่ใใ As can be seen from the example above, in English, "see" refers to a state where the visual target has already been captured. On the other hand, "look" refers to the effort to capture the visual target. In contrast, in Japanese, there is no such distinction; "miru" can simply refer to a state where the visual target has already been captured, as in (2)a-1, or it can also include the meaning of "moving one's gaze towards the target," as in (2)a-2. The reason for not using the expression "the effort to capture the visual target" is that, as mentioned above, "direction noun + wo + miru" presupposes looking in a direction and indicates the direction of the gaze, with a weak intention of obtaining visual information.
ใใใธใฟใซๅคง่พๆณใใซใใใจใๅ่ฉใ่ฆใใใซใฏไปฅไธใฎ 12 ใฎๅฎ็พฉใใใใ According to the "Digital Daijisen," the verb "to see" has the following 12 definitions.
(1) ็ฎใงไบ็ฉใฎๅญๅจใชใฉใใจใใใใ่ฆ่ฆใซๅ ฅใใใ็บใใใใๆ็ฉบใใฟใใ (1) To perceive the existence of things with the eyes. To take in visually. To gaze at. "To look at the starry sky."
(2) ่ฆ็ฉ โข ่ฆๅญฆใใใใๆ ็ปใใฟใใ (2) Sightseeing โข To observe. "To watch a movie."
(3) ใใฎใใจใซๅฝใใใๅใๆฑใใไธ่ฉฑใใใใใๅญไพใฎใใใฉใใใฟใใ (3) To deal with that. To handle. To take care of. "To look after children."
(4) ่ชฟในใใใใใใใใใ็ญๆกใใฟใใ (4) To investigate. To confirm. "To look at the answers."
๏ผ5๏ผใใใใฟใใใใใใใๅใๅณใใฟใใ (5) To try. To test. "To check the sharpness."
(6) ่ฆณๅฏใใๅคๆญใใใใพใใใใใชใใ่ฉไพกใใใใไบบใใฟใ็ฎใใชใใ (6) Observe, judge. Also, predict. Evaluate. "Lack the ability to see people."
โฆ่จบๆญใใใใ่ใใฟใใ 7. Diagnose. "Check the pulse."
(8) ่ชญใใง็ฅใใใๆฐ่ใงใฟใใ (8) Read and know. "I saw it in the newspaper."
๏ผ9๏ผ่บซใซๅใใใ็ต้จใใใใ็ใ็ฎใใฟใใ (9) To experience. "To have a painful experience."
(10) ่ฆๅฝใใคใใใใใฎใใใซ่ใใใ็่งฃใใใใ้ญ้ฃใใใใฎใจใฟใใใใ (10) Make a guess. Think that way. Understand. "Believed to be lost."
(11) ๅคซๅฉฆใซใชใใ้ฃใๆทปใใใใใใใชใใไบบใใใใฟใใ (11) To become a couple. To accompany each other. "I want to see the person I will part with."
(12)๏ผ่ฃๅฉๅ่ฉ๏ผๅ่ฉใฎ้ฃ็จๅฝขใซใใฆใใๆทปใใๅฝขใซไปใใ (12) (Auxiliary verb) It attaches to the continuative form of a verb with "te" added.
(B)ใใฆใฟใใใฎๅฝขใงใใใใใซโฆใใใใจใซใใใใฎใใจใใใๆใ่กจ ใใใไธๅฃใๅณใใฃใฆใฟใใ In the form of "te miru," it expresses the intention to try doing something... "Take a bite and try tasting it."
โ ใใฆใฟใใจใใใฆใฟใใใใใฆใฟใใฐใใชใฉใฎๅฝขใงใใใฎ็ตๆใใใไบๅฎใซๆฐใฅใใใใใใฎๆกไปถ โข ็ซๅ ดใ่ชใใใใใใใใใจใ่กจใใใ่ธใฟ ใใใงใฟใใจใใฌใใฎใใใ ใฃใใ In forms like "temiru," "temitara," and "temireba," it expresses the result of realizing a certain fact or recognizing a condition or position. "When I stepped in, it was completely empty."
ใใฎไธญใงใๆนๅๅ่ฉ๏ผใ๏ผ่ฆใใใซใใใใ่ฆใใใซ่ฉฒๅฝใใใฎใฏๅฎ็พฉ๏ผ1๏ผ ใงใใใใใชใใกใ็ฎใงไบ็ฉใฎๅญๅจใชใฉใใจใใใใ่ฆ่ฆใซๅ ฅใใใ็บใ ใใใงใใใใใฎ่ชฌๆใซใใใใจใใใใใๅ ฅใใใใฎไบ่ชใฏใใ่ฆใใใ่ฆ่ฆไบ่ฑกใ ใใงใชใใใ่ฆใใใใซ่ณใใพใงใฎๅ็้็จๆงใๅผท่ชฟใใฆใใใใจใๆๅณใใฆใใใใใฎ้็จใซใฏ่ฆ็ทใ่บซไฝใฎ็งปๅใๅซใพใใฆใใใใใไบ่ฑกใฎ่คๅๆงใ่ฆใใใใไปฅไธใฎ BCCWJ ใใๆฝๅบใใใ่ชไพ๏ผ3๏ผa ใฎใใใซใใๅพใ ใ่ฆใใใซใฏ่ฆ่ฆไบ่ฑกใจใจใใซใ่บซไฝใ้ ญ้จใ่ฆ็ทใฎๅพใใธใฎ็งปๅใๅซใใ ใจใใงใใ๏ผ3๏ผbใซ็ฝฎใๆใใใใจใใงใใใ In this context, the "่ฆใ" corresponding to "direction noun + ใ + ่ฆใ" is defined as (1), which means "to perceive the existence of things with the eyes; to take in visually; to gaze." The two words "ใจใใใ" and "ๅ ฅใใ" in this explanation emphasize that "่ฆใ" involves a dynamic process leading up to "่ฆใใ," not just visual phenomena. This process includes the movement of gaze and body, indicating the complexity of the events. As seen in the example extracted from BCCWJ (3)a, "to look behind" can include the movement of the body, head, and gaze towards the back, and can be replaced with (3)b.
๏ผ3๏ผa ใญใณใฐในใฌใฌใชใขใฏๆใใใ่ฏใใใใซ่ฆใใใใฉใใขใณใซใใฏใใฉ ใใจๅพใใ่ฆใใ (3) Kingโs Regalia looked like it had a good feel, but Ankatsu glanced back briefly.
๏ผ3๏ผbใญใณใฐในใฌใฌใชใขใฏๆใใใ่ฏใใใใซ่ฆใใใใฉใใขใณใซใใฏใใฉ ใใจๆฏใ่ฟใฃใฆ่ฆใใ (3) Kingโs Regalia seemed to have a good feel, but Ankatsu glanced back to take a look.
๏ผ3๏ผใฎไบใคใฎไพๆใใใใใใใใซใใๅพใใ่ฆใใใฏใๆฏใ่ฟใฃใฆ่ฆใใ ใจๅ็ญใงใใใใๅพใใ่ฆใใใซใฏใๅพใใๅใใใจใ่ฆใใใฎไบใคใฎๅไฝใๅซใพใใฆใใใใพใใไพๆ๏ผ3๏ผใฎใใใฉใใจใใฏๅไฝ้็จใไฟฎ้ฃพใใๅฏ่ฉใงใ ใใใ่ฆใใใจใฎ็ตใฟๅใใใงใไธ็ฅใใซใใ่ฆ็ทใ่บซไฝๅไฝใฎ็งปๅๆงใๅผท่ชฟ ใใฆใใใไปฅไธใฎใ่ฆใใใฎ่พๆธ็ๆๅณใๅฎ้ใฎ็จไพๅๆใใใใณๅฏ่ฉใฎ็ต ใฟๅใใใใใใๆนๅๅ่ฉ๏ผใ๏ผ่ฆใใใซใใใใ่ฆใใใซใฏไบ่ฑก่คๅๆงใใ ใชใใกใ่ฆ่ฆไบ่ฑกใใจๆ ๅใๆใใใใใพใงใฎใ็งปๅไบ่ฑกใใใใใใจใใ ใใใใใกใใใ(1)bใฎใใใซใใใใงใฎใๆ ๅใใฏ้ฒใ็ฉบใชใฉใๅฟ ใใใ่ฆใใใฃใๅฏพ่ฑกใฎๆ ๅใงใฏใชใใใๅฏพ่ฑกใฎๆนๅใพใง่ฆ็ทใ็งปๅใใฆไฝใใใฎใๆ ๅใใ่ฆ่ฆใซๆ ใใ่ฆ่ฆไบ่ฑกใ็ใใใ As can be seen from the two example sentences in (3), "looking back" is equivalent to "turning around to look," and "looking back" includes the two actions of "turning around" and "looking." Additionally, the adverb "glancing" in example sentence (3) modifies the process of the action and emphasizes the mobility of the gaze and bodily movement through its combination with "looking." From the above dictionary meaning of "looking," the analysis of actual usage, and the combination with the adverb, it can be understood that "looking" in "direction noun + wo + looking" has event complexity, namely, the "visual event" and the "movement event" until the image is captured. Of course, as in (1)b, the "image" here is not necessarily the image of the object one wanted to see, such as clouds or the sky, but the gaze moves towards the direction of the object, and some "image" is reflected in the visual field, resulting in a visual event.
3.2 ใๆนๅๅ่ฉ๏ผใ๏ผ่ฆใใใซใใใใ่ฆใใใฎ็ฌ้ๆงใจ็ถ็ถๆง 3.2 The momentary and continuous nature of "to see" in "direction noun + wo + see"
ใ่ฆใใใฏใ้็จๆงใฎใใๆดปๅๅ่ฉใยฒใงใใใใใ่ฆใใใจใใๅ่ฉใฏๅไฝ ใฎๅงใพใใใใ็ต้ใๆๅพใฎ็ตๆใฎๆฎต้ใพใงๅ ๅ ใใๅฟ็็ฆ็นใฎใใใๆนใซ ใใฃใฆใขในใใฏใใฎใใใ็ใใใฎใงใใใใ ^(3){ }^{3} "Seeing" is a "processual activity verb." "The verb 'to see' encompasses the beginning of the action, the progression, and the final result stage, and the fluctuation of aspect occurs depending on the placement of the mental focus."
ไธ่จใฎไพๆใๅซใใฆใไธ่จใฎไพๆ๏ผ4๏ผใซใใใๅฎๆ็ธใฎใ่ฆใใใฏใ่คๅไบ่ฑกใฎ็ฌ้้็จใใชใๅง็บใฎๅฑ้ขใซ็ฆ็นใๅฝใฆใฆใใใ็ฌ้ๆงใ็คบใใฆใใใ ๏ผ3๏ผ c * ใญใณใฐในใฌใฌใชใขใฏๆใใใ่ฏใใใใซ่ฆใใใใฉใใขใณใซใใฏใใฃ ใใใจๅพใใ่ฆใใ In the above example, the perfect aspect "saw" in the following example (4) focuses on the initial phase that constitutes the momentary process of a complex event, indicating momentariness. (3) c * The King's regalia looked like it had a good feel, but Ankatsu slowly looked back.
๏ผ4๏ผa ใใฉใณใใงๆดๆฟฏ็ฉใๅนฒใใฆใใใจใใใใตใจ่ฆ็ทใซๆฐใใคใใฆไธใ่ฆ ใใใงใใ While I was hanging laundry on the balcony, I suddenly noticed a gaze and looked down.
๏ผ4๏ผb ใใฉใณใใงๆดๆฟฏ็ฉใๅนฒใใฆใใใจใใใใตใจ่ฆ็ทใซๆฐใใคใใฆใกใใฃ ใจไธใ่ฆใใใงใใ While I was hanging laundry on the balcony, I suddenly noticed a gaze and glanced down.
๏ผ4๏ผ C**\mathrm{C} * ใใฉใณใใงๆดๆฟฏ็ฉใๅนฒใใฆใใใจใใใใตใจ่ฆ็ทใซๆฐใใคใใฆใใฃใ ใใจไธใ่ฆใใใงใใ While I was hanging laundry on the balcony, I suddenly noticed a gaze and slowly looked down.
ไธ่ฟฐใฎ BCCWJ ใใๆฝๅบใใใไพๆ๏ผ3๏ผa ใจ๏ผ4๏ผa ใฎใใใซใใๅพใใ่ฆใใใไธ ใ่ฆใใใฏใใกใใคใจใใจ็ตใฟๅใใใใใจใใงใใใใ(3)c ใจ๏ผ4๏ผcใฎใใ ใซใใใฃใใใจใใจ็ตใฟๅใใใใใจใฏใงใใชใใ๏ผ3๏ผa ใจ๏ผ4๏ผaใฎไพๆใซใใ ใๅ่ฉใ่ฆใใใจใ่ฆใใใฏๆๅถใ็ฐใชใใใใใใใใ่ฆใใใฎๅฎๆ็ธใง ใใใ As seen in the example sentences (3)a and (4)a extracted from the above BCCWJ, "look back" and "look down" can be combined with "glance," but they cannot be combined with "slowly" as in (3)c and (4)c. The verbs "look" and "looked" in the example sentences (3)a and (4)a have different tenses, but both are in the perfective aspect of "look."
็ญ่ ใๆๆฅๆฐ่ใใผใฟใใผในใงใใใฃใใ่ฆใใใๆค็ดขใใฆๅพใใใ 124ไปถใฎ็ตๆใงใฏใใ่ฆใใใฏใในใฆใใใธใฟใซๅคง่พๆณใใฎๅฎ็พฉ(2)ใ่ฆ็ฉ โข ่ฆๅญฆใ ใใใฎๆๅณใงไฝฟ็จใใใฆใใใใใใซใใใใ่ฆใใใฎๅฎๆ็ธใๆๅณโ ใ็ฎใงไบ็ฉใฎๅญๅจใชใฉใใจใใใใ่ฆ่ฆใซๅ ฅใใใ็บใใใใ่กจใๅ ดๅใใใใฃใ ใใใจ็ตใฟๅใใใใใจใใงใใใ็ฌ้ๆงใ็คบใใใจใใใใใ In the 124 results obtained by searching for "yukkuri miru" in the Asahi Shimbun database, "miru" was used in the sense of "to observe โข to visit" as defined in the "Digital Daijisen." This indicates that when "miru" represents the completed aspect of meaning โ "to perceive the existence of things with the eyes; to take in visually; to gaze," it cannot be combined with "yukkuri," showing that it indicates a momentary nature.
๏ผ4๏ผa ใซๅฏพใใฆใไธ่จใฎไพๆ๏ผ5๏ผa ใจ๏ผ6๏ผa ใซใใใ็ถ็ถ็ธใฎใ่ฆใฆใใใ Regarding (4) a, the continuous aspect of "seeing" in the following example sentences (5) a and (6) a
ใ่ฆใคใฅใใใใฏใ่ช็ฅ็ฆ็นใ่คๅไบ่ฑกไธญใฎๅไฝใฎๆ็ถ้็จใซ้ไธญใใฆใ "Continued to see" focuses the cognitive spotlight on the ongoing process of action within a complex event
ใใ็ถ็ถๆงใ็คบใใฆใใใ It shows continuity.
๏ผ5๏ผa ๅฟใใกใขใดใไธใใใคใญใซใชใชใไธใ่ฆใฆใใใ (5) The heart is raised slightly, always looking up at an angle.
๏ผ5๏ผbๅฟใใกใขใดใไธใใใกใใคใจใชใชใไธใ่ฆใฆใใใ (5) With a slight lift of the chin, they are looking up at an angle.
๏ผ6๏ผa ใใใฆใใใฎใพใพใใฃใจไธใ่ฆใคใฅใใใ (6) And then, I continued to look up quietly.
๏ผ6๏ผbใใใฆใใใฎใพใพใกใใคใจไธใ่ฆใคใฅใใใ (6) b And then, I continued to glance up as it was.
๏ผ5๏ผa ใจ๏ผ6๏ผa ใซใใใฆใ็ถ็ถ็ธใฎใ่ฆใฆใใใใจ็ถ็ถ็ธ้ๅปๅฝขใฎใ่ฆใคใฅใ ใใใฏใใใใใใใคใญใซใใใใใฃใจใใจ็ตใฟๅใใใใใจใใงใใใใ In (5) a and (6) a, the continuous aspect "seeing" and the continuous past form "continued to see" can each be combined with "always" and "steadily," respectively.
ใใซๅฏพใใฆใ๏ผ5๏ผb ใจ๏ผ6๏ผb ใซใใใ็ถ็ถ็ธใฎใ่ฆใใใใใกใใคใจใใจ็ตใฟๅ ใใใใจใๆใจใใฆๆ็ซใใชใใใใฎๅ ดๅใ๏ผ5๏ผaใๅธธใซๆใไธใ่ฆใฆใใใ ใจ๏ผ6๏ผa ใใใฃใจไธใ่ฆใคใฅใใใใฎๅ่ฉใ่ฆใใใฏใๆๅณ็ใซใ่บซไฝใใใณ่ฆ็ทใฎ็งปๅใๅผท่ชฟใใฆใใใใๅฏพ่ฑกใฎๆนๅใ็บใใฆใใ็ต้ใๅผท่ชฟใใใ่ฆ ใใใจใใไบ่ฑกใฏ้ๆญข็ถๆ ใซใใใ In relation to this, combining the continuous aspect of "to see" in (5)b and (6)b with "glance" does not form a valid sentence. In this case, the verbs "to see" in (5)a "is always looking slightly upward" and (6)a "continued to look up intently" do not emphasize the movement of the body or gaze semantically, but rather emphasize the process of looking in the direction of the object, and the event of "seeing" is in a state of rest.
ใใใใฃใฆใใๆนๅๅ่ฉ๏ผใ๏ผ่ฆใใใซใใใใ่ฆใใใฏ้็จๆงใฎใใๅ่ฉ ใงใใใชใใใ็ถ็ถๆงใจ็ฌ้ๆงใฎใฉใกใใ็คบใใใฏใ็ฆ็นใฎใใใๆนใซใใฃ ใฆใใขในใใฏใใฎใใใ็ใใใใใฎๆง้ ใซใใใใ่ฆใใใๅฎๆ็ธใงใใๅ ดๅใ่คๅไบ่ฑกใซใใใ็ฌ้้็จใใชใๅง็บใฎๅฑ้ขใๅผท่ชฟใใไธๆนใ็ถ็ถ็ธใไธใฆใใใใไธใคใฅใใใใงใใๅ ดๅใ่คๅไบ่ฑกใซใใใๅไฝๆ็ถ้็จใๅผท่ชฟใใใ Therefore, in "direction noun + ใ + see," the "see" is a verb with processuality, and whether it indicates continuity or momentariness depends on the focus, resulting in variations in aspect. When "see" in that structure is in the perfective aspect, it emphasizes the initial phase that constitutes a momentary process in a complex event, while when it is in the continuous aspect "ใฆใใ" or "ใคใฅใใ," it emphasizes the ongoing process of action in a complex event.
3.3ใๆนๅๅ่ฉ๏ผใ๏ผ่ฆใใใซใใใใ่ฆใใใฎ็งปๅๅ่ฉใธใฎ็งป่กๆง 3.3 The transition of "่ฆใ" to a motion verb in "direction noun + ใ + ่ฆใ"
ใๆนๅๅ่ฉ +ใ + ่ฆใใใซใใใใ่ฆใใใฏใใใฎๅไฝใ็บ็ใใ้ใซใๅไฝไธป่ช่บซใซไฝ็ฝฎใฎๅคๅใ็ใใใใพใใใฎๅฏพ่ฑกใซไฝ็ฝฎใฎๅคๅใไธใใชใใ ใใๅ ธๅ็ใช็งปๅๅ่ฉใงใฏใชใใใพใใๅ ่ก็ ็ฉถใซ้ขใใฆใใ่ฆใใใจใใๅ่ฉใฎๅ้กใซใคใใฆใฏใใ่งๅท้ก่ชๆฐ่พๅ ธใใงใฏใ่กๅ๏ผ่ฆ่๏ผ็ฎๆใใจใใใฆ ใใใ็งปๅๅ่ฉใซใฏๅ้กใใใฆใใชใใๅฅฅ็ฐ้้ใซใใใจใ็งปๅๆงๅ่ฉใจ็ฉบ้ใฎ็ตใณใคใใซใคใใฆไปฅไธใฎใใใซ่ซใใฆใใใใใใใใจใชใๅ่ฉใฏๅ ดๆใ ใใใใใฎใซ้ใใใใใใงใชใๅ่ฉใ้ฃพใใฎไฝ็ฝฎใซใใใจใใฏใใใใฎใชใ ใใใใใฎใใใใใใใฎใใใ ใใใจใใใตใใซใใใกใฉ็ฉบ้ๅใฎๆ็ถใใ ใใใชใใใฐใชใใชใใใคใพใใใๆใฎไธใๆญฉใใใจใใ้ฃ่ชใฏๆ็ซใใฆใใๆใๆญฉใใใจใใ้ฃ่ชใฏๆ็ซใใชใใฎใงใใใ ^(4){ }^{4} ใใใฎๅคๆญๅบๆบใซใใใฐใใ่ฆใใใฏๆนๅใไฝ็ฝฎ้ขไฟใ็คบใๅ่ฉไปฅๅคใจ็ตใฟๅใใใใใจใใงใใใใใฎ ใปใใใใไปใใๅฟ ่ฆใใชใใใใ็ด็ฒใช็งปๅๅ่ฉใงใฏใชใใใจใใใใใ In the phrase "direction noun + ใ + ่ฆใ," the verb "่ฆใ" is not a typical movement verb because the action does not cause a change in position for the subject, nor does it impart a change in position to the object. Furthermore, regarding previous research, the classification of the verb "่ฆใ" in the "Kadokawa Thesaurus" is categorized as "action > observation > witnessing," and it is not classified as a movement verb. According to Yasuo Okuda, the connection between movement verbs and space is discussed as follows: "The noun that serves as an ornament is limited to those that indicate a location, and when a noun that does not indicate a location comes in the position of an ornament, it must undergo a process of spatialization, such as 'through ~,' 'above ~,' or 'between ~.' In other words, while the phrase 'walking on a finger' is valid, the phrase 'walking a finger' is not." According to this criterion, it can be understood that "่ฆใ" can be combined with nouns that do not indicate direction or positional relationships, and it does not require the addition of "ใใฎใปใใ," thus confirming that it is not a pure movement verb.
ใใใใใๆนๅๅ่ฉ๏ผใ๏ผ่ฆใใใซใใใใ่ฆใใใฏ้็งปๅๅ่ฉใงใใใชใ ใใ็งปๅๅ่ฉใฎๆง่ณชใๆใฃใฆใใใ็ฌฌไธใซใไธ่ฟฐใฎใใใซใใๆนๅๅ่ฉ๏ผใ๏ผ่ฆใใใซใใใใ่ฆใใใๅฎๆ็ธใงใใๅ ดๅใใใฎๅไฝใฏ่ฆ็ทใ่บซไฝใฎ็งปๅ ใๅซใฟใ้ฃ็ถ็ใช็งปๅ้็จใ็งปๅใฎๆนๅใๅผท่ชฟใใ็งปๅๅ่ฉใฎ็นๅพดใๆใใฆ ใใใ็ฌฌไบใซใๆนๅๅ่ฉใใใ่ฆใใใจ็ตใฟๅใใใๅ ดๅใใ่ฆใใๅฏพ่ฑกใฎใ ใใใซใใ่ฆใใๆนๅใ็คบใใใจใใ้ๆนไฝๅ่ฉใฎๅพใซใใฎใปใใใไปใใใ ใจใง็ขบ่ชใงใใใ However, while "่ฆใ" in "ๆนๅๅ่ฉ๏ผใ๏ผ่ฆใ" is a non-movement verb, it possesses the characteristics of a movement verb. First, as mentioned above, when "่ฆใ" in "ๆนๅๅ่ฉ๏ผใ๏ผ่ฆใ" is in the perfective aspect, the action includes the movement of gaze or body, emphasizing a continuous process of movement and the direction of movement, thus exhibiting features of a movement verb. Second, when a directional noun combines with "่ฆใ," it can be confirmed by adding "ใฎใปใ" after a non-directional noun to indicate the direction of "่ฆใ" instead of the object of "่ฆใ."
๏ผ7๏ผa ใฆใฃใซใฏใใกใใๅใใฆ็งใ่ฆใใ (7) Will looked at me from here.
๏ผ7๏ผb ็งใฏใฆใฃใซใซ่ฆใใใใ I was seen by Will.
๏ผ8๏ผa ็งใใฉใใใใๆฑบใใใญใฆ็ซใฃใฆใใใจใใใฃใใขใณใๆฏใ่ฟใฃใฆ็ง ใฎใปใใ่ฆใใ (8) As I stood there unable to decide what to do, Chamian turned around and looked at me.
๏ผ8๏ผb ็งใใฉใใใใๆฑบใใใญใฆ็ซใฃใฆใใใจใ็งใฎใปใใฏใใฃใใขใณใซ่ฆ ใใใใ As I stood there unable to decide what to do, I was looked at by Chamian.
๏ผ7๏ผa ใซใใใใ็งใ่ฆใใใฏใใฆใฃใซใใ็งใใ่ฆใใใจใ็คบใใใใใ ใฏๅฏพๆ ผใๆ็คบใใๅไฝใฎๅฏพ่ฑกใใ็งใใงใใใใจใๆๅณใใ๏ผ7๏ผb ใฎใใใซใ็งใฏใฆใฃใซใซ่ฆใใใใใจ็ฝฎใๆใใใใจใใงใใใไธๆนใ(8)aใฎใ็งใฎ ใปใใ่ฆใใใฏใๅใซใ็งใใ่ฆใใฎใงใฏใชใใใใฎใปใใใใ่ฆ็ทใฎๆนๅๆงใ็คบใใฆใใใ๏ผ8๏ผbใฎใใใซใ็งใฎใปใใฏใใฃใใขใณใซ่ฆใใใใใจ็ฝฎใๆใใใใจใฏใงใใชใใใใใใฃใฆใๆนๅๅ่ฉใใใ่ฆใใใจ็ตใฟๅใใใๅ ดๅใใ่ฆใใๅฏพ่ฑกใฎใใใใซใใ่ฆใใๆนๅใ็คบใใใ่ฆใใใฏๆนๅใไฝ็ฝฎ้ขไฟใ็คบใๅ่ฉไปฅๅคใจ็ตใฟๅใใใๅ ดๅใซใฏใใใฎใปใใใจใใใๆนๅๅ่ฉๅใฎๆ็ถใใใไธ่ฆใงใใใใใๆนๅๅ่ฉ๏ผใ๏ผ่ฆใใๆง้ ใซใฏๆๅณ็ใ ใใณๆๆณ็ใชๅทฎ็ฐใๅญๅจใใใใคใพใใไธ่ฌๅ่ฉใฎๅพใซใใฎใปใใใไปใใฆใไธ่ฌๅ่ฉ๏ผใฎใปใ๏ผใ๏ผ่ฆใใใซใใใใจใงใใ่ฆใใใฎ็งปๅๅ่ฉใธใฎ้ๆธกๆงใๆดปๆงๅใใใใ In (7), "I was seen" indicates that Will saw "me," where "ใ" presents the accusative case, meaning that the object of the action is "me," and it can be replaced with "I was seen by Will" as in (7)b. On the other hand, in (8)a, "looked towards me" does not simply mean to look at "me," but "towards" indicates the direction of the gaze, and it cannot be replaced with "I was seen by Chamiann" as in (8)b. Therefore, when a directional noun combines with "to see," it indicates the direction of "seeing" instead of the object of "seeing." When "to see" combines with nouns other than those indicating direction or positional relationships, the "direction nounization process" of "towards" is unnecessary, but there are semantic and grammatical differences in the structure of "direction noun + ใ + see." In other words, by adding "towards" after a common noun to form "common noun + towards + ใ + see," the transitivity of "to see" as a motion verb is activated.
ใๆนๅๅ่ฉ๏ผใ๏ผ่ฆใใใฎๆง่ณชใฏใไธ่ฌๅ่ฉ๏ผใฎใปใ๏ผใ๏ผ่ฆใใใจๅๆง ใงใใใใใไธ่ฌๅ่ฉใฎๅพใซใใฎใปใใใไปใใใใจใงใใๆนๅๅ่ฉ๏ผใ๏ผ่ฆใใใใ่ฆใใใฎๆนๅๆงใๅผท่ชฟใใๅใซใ่ฆใใใ ใใงใชใใๆนๅๅ่ฉใฎไฝ็ฝฎใใๆนๅใธใฎ้ขๅฟใ็คบใใฆใใใใจใใใใใใใฎๆง้ ใซใใใใ่ฆ ใใใฏใ็งปๅๅ่ฉใธใฎ็งป่กๆงใๆใใฆใใใ The nature of "direction noun + wo + miru" is similar to "general noun + no hou + wo + miru," so by adding "no hou" after a general noun, it becomes clear that "direction noun + wo + miru" emphasizes the directionality of "miru," indicating interest in the direction where the direction noun is located, not just "miru" alone. In this structure, "miru" has the transitivity of a movement verb.
4. ใๆนๅๅ่ฉ๏ผใ๏ผ่ฆใใใซใใใใ่ฆใใใ็คบใไบ่ฑก็ช็บๆง 4. The suddenness indicated by "่ฆใ" in "direction noun + ใ + ่ฆใ"
ใๆนๅๅ่ฉ๏ผใ๏ผ่ฆใใใซใใใฆใใ่ฆใใใฎใขในใใฏใใซใใใใใฎๆง้ ใไฝใๅบใๆ่ใ็ฐใชใใ3.1ใงใฏใใใฎๆง้ ใซใใใใ่ฆใใใ่คๅไบ่ฑกใใใชใใกใ่ฆ่ฆไบ่ฑกใใจๆ ๅใๆใใใใใใพใงใฎใ็งปๅไบ่ฑกใใๅซใ ใใจใ่ฟฐในใใใพใใ 3.3 ใงใฏใใๆนๅๅ่ฉ๏ผใ๏ผ่ฆใใๆง้ ใใ่ฆใใใฎๆนๅๆงใๅผท่ชฟใใๅใชใ่ฆ่ฆ็ใช่ก็บใ ใใงใชใใๆนๅๅ่ฉใ็คบใๆนๅใฎๅๅ ใซๅฏพใใ้ขๅฟใ็คบใใใจใ่จ่ฟฐใใใไปฅไธใฎไบ็นใซๅบใฅใใ็ญ่ ใฏBCCWJ ใใใๆนๅๅ่ฉๅ่ฆใใๆง้ ใฎ็จไพใๆฝๅบใใใใฎๆ่็็นๅพดใๅๆใใใ ใจใ่ฉฆใฟใใ In the structure of "direction noun + wo + miru," the aspect of "miru" creates different contexts. In section 3.1, it was mentioned that "miru" in this structure includes complex events, namely "visual events" and "movement events" until the image is captured. Furthermore, in section 3.3, it was described that the "direction noun + wo + miru" structure emphasizes the directionality of "miru," indicating not only a mere visual act but also an interest in the trends indicated by the direction noun. Based on these two points, the author attempted to extract examples of the "direction noun + mita" structure from the BCCWJ and analyze its contextual features.
๏ผ9๏ผใไบบใฎ้ซชใฎๆฏใ ใใๆด่กใใๅฝผๅฅณใฎ่ถณใใจใใฟใคใใชใใๅซใใ ใใใ ใฃใจใใฆใๅฝผๅฅณใฏไธใ่ฆใใๆฑกใใใๆฏๅธใฎ้ใใใ้ทใ้ซชใๆบใใ ใใใซใใฏใฟๅบใใฆใใใใๆญปไฝใ ใ๏ผใ "(9) 'It's human hair,' Haruyuki shouted, staring at her feet. Startled, she looked down. From between the filthy blankets, long hair was sticking out, swaying. 'It's a corpse!'"
๏ผ10๏ผใใ ใใ ๏ผใใ ใใใๅซใใ ใไธๆใซใชใผใซใฎๅใใๆญขใพใฃใใๅใ "No way!" someone shouted. The movement of the oars stopped all at once. At first,
ใฆๅใ่ฆใใ้ปใๅทจไฝใฏๆ ใ ใจไนฑๆฐทใฎๅฝผๆนใซๆถใใใใจใใฆใใใใใใใใฉใใธ่กใใใ ๏ผใ่ตคใฉใณใใใคใใฆใใชใใใใซใผใ ใฃ ใใใใฉใณใฏใฏใใใฟใใใงไธญใ่ฆใใ้่ปขใใฆใใ็ทใซใฏ่ฆใใผใ ใใชใใ I looked ahead. The black giant was leisurely disappearing beyond the chaotic ice. "Hey, where are you going?" It was a police car without a red light. Frank crouched down to look inside. He didn't recognize the man driving.
๏ผ12๏ผ็ฟๆใไบไบบใฏๅๆใซ็ฎใ็ฎ่ฆใพใใใๆๅใซใใขใใฏใ่ตทใใใใใ ใใขใฎใปใใธ่กใใๅคใ่ฆใใใ้งใ ๏ผใใใขใใฏใ่จใฃใใ (12) The next morning, the two woke up at the same time. Piak was the first to get up, go to the door, and look outside. "It's fog!" Piak said.
ๆ่็ใช่ฆณ็นใใ่ฆใใจใไปฅไธใฎ 4 ใคใฎๆใฎๅ ฑ้็นใฏใใๆนๅๅ่ฉๅ่ฆใใ ใฎๅๆใซใใใฆใ่กๅ่ ใๆ่ญ็ใซ่ฆ็ทใ็นๅฎใฎๆนๅใซๅใใๆฐใใชๅฅๆฉใๅญๅจใใใใจใงใใใใใฎๆฐใใชๅฅๆฉใฏใ๏ผ9๏ผ๏ผ10๏ผ๏ผ11๏ผใฎใใใช็ช็บ็ใชๅซใณๅฃฐใๅฏพ่ฉฑใฎๅฃฐใงใใใใจใๅคใใใ(12)ใฎใใใซ็ช็ถ็ฎใ่ฆใพใๅ ดๅใๅซใพ ใใใใใฎๆฐใใชๅฅๆฉใซใใฃใฆใๅไฝใฎๅฎ่ก่ ใฏใใฎๆนๅใฎๅๅใซ้ขๅฟใๆ ใคใใใซใชใใใใใฆใใๆนๅๅ่ฉๅ่ฆใใใฎๅพๆใฏๅคใใฎๅ ดๅใ้ฉใในใๆฐ ใใ็บ่ฆใ็คบใใ็ช็บ็ใชๅบๆฅไบใๆใใใซใใใใฎใงใใใไพใใฐใ(9)ใง ใฏไบบใฎ้ซชใฎๆฏใ๏ผ10๏ผใงใฏ้ปใๅทจไฝใ๏ผ11๏ผใงใฏ่ฆ่ฆใใฎใชใ้่ปขๆใ๏ผ12๏ผใงใฏๅคใฎ้งใชใฉใงใใใใใฎใใใชๆง้ ใฏ็ทๅผตๆใใตในใใณในๆใ้ซใใๅนๆใ ใใใ From a contextual perspective, the commonality among the four sentences above is that there exists a new opportunity for the actor to consciously direct their gaze in a specific direction before the phrase "direction noun + saw." This new opportunity often comes in the form of sudden shouts or voices in dialogue, as seen in (9), (10), and (11), but can also include instances like (12) where one suddenly wakes up. This new opportunity leads the executor of the action to become interested in the trends in that direction. Furthermore, the subsequent sentences following "direction noun + saw" often indicate surprising new discoveries and reveal sudden events. For example, in (9) it is a person's hair, in (10) a large black figure, in (11) an unfamiliar driver, and in (12) the fog outside. This kind of structure enhances tension and suspense.
ไปฅไธใฎใใใซใใๆนๅๅ่ฉ๏ผใ๏ผ่ฆใใใซใใใใ่ฆใใใฏใใใฎใขในใใฏ ใใๆ่ใซใใฃใฆๅบๆฅไบใฎ็ช็บๆงใ็คบใใ่ชญ่ ใซ็ทๅผตๆใใตในใใณในใไธใ ใๅฝนๅฒใๆใใใฆใใใจ่จใใใ As mentioned above, in "direction noun + wo + miru," "miru" indicates the suddenness of events depending on its aspect and context, playing a role in providing the reader with tension and suspense.
ๅใ็ต่ซ 4. Conclusion
ๆฅๆฌ่ชใซใใใฆใใๆนๅๅ่ฉ๏ผใๅ่ฆใใใฏใไธ่ฌๅ่ฉ + ใ ่ฆใใใจ็ฐใช ใๆๅณ็็นๆฎๆงใๆใฃใฆใใใใไธ่ฌๅ่ฉ๏ผใ๏ผ่ฆใใใฏใๅฏพ่ฑก็ฉใ่ฆใใ ใจ่ชไฝใ็ฎ็ใงใใใ่ฆ่ฆๆ ๅ ฑใๅพใๆๅณใๅผทใใๅ ทไฝ็ใชๅฏพ่ฑกใ่ฆใใใจ ใๅๆใจใใฆใใใใๆนๅๅ่ฉ๏ผใ๏ผ่ฆใใใฏใๆนๅใ่ฆใใใจใๅๆใจใ ใฆใ่ฆ็ทใฎๆนๅใ็คบใใใฎใงใใใ่ฆ่ฆๆ ๅ ฑใๅพใๆๅณใ่ใใ In Japanese, "direction noun + ใ่ฆใ" has a different semantic specificity compared to "general noun + ใ่ฆใ." "General noun + ใ่ฆใ" is primarily aimed at the act of seeing the object itself, with a strong intention to obtain visual information, and it assumes the viewing of a concrete object. "Direction noun + ใ่ฆใ," on the other hand, is based on the premise of looking in a direction, indicating the direction of the gaze, and has a weaker intention to obtain visual information.
ไธ็ใฎ่จ่ชใซใใใฆใใๆนๅๅ่ฉ๏ผใ๏ผ่ฆใใใฏๆๆณ็็นๆฎๆงใๆใฃใฆใ ใใๅคใใฎ่จ่ชใงใฏใไพใใฐ่ฑ่ชใใฆใฏใฉใคใ่ชใงใฏใใ่ฆใใๅไฝใฎๆนๅๆง ใๅผท่ชฟใใใใใซๅ่ฉ่ชไฝใๅคๅใใใใพใใๆฅๆฌ่ชไปฅๅคใฎ่จ่ชใงใฏใไธญๅฝ่ชใฎ"ๅ"ใ่ฑ่ชใฎ"at"ใใฆใฏใฉใคใ่ชใฎ"ะฝะฐ"ใใใคใ่ชใฎโan"ใฎใใใซใๅไฝใฎๆนๅๆงใ็คบใใใใซๅ็ฝฎ่ฉใๅพ็ฝฎ่ฉใ่ฟฝๅ ใใชใใใฐใชใใใใใฎ็ตๆใๅ่ฉๅฅใๅคๅใใใไธๆนใๆฅๆฌ่ชใงใฏใๅฝขๅผๅ่ฉใใฎใปใใใ่ฟฝๅ ใใ ใใจใงๅ่ฉๅฅใๅคๅใใใๆนๅๅ่ฉ๏ผใ๏ผ่ฆใใใฎๆๅณใใๅใชใ่ฆ่ฆๆๅณใฎๅผท่ชฟใใๅไฝใฎๆนๅๆงใๅซใใใฎใซๅคใใใใๅฉ่ฉใฏๅคใใใชใใ In the world's languages, the construction "direction noun + wo + see" has a grammatical peculiarity. In many languages, such as English and Ukrainian, the verb itself changes to emphasize the directionality of the "seeing" action. Additionally, in languages other than Japanese, prepositions or postpositions must be added to indicate the direction of the action, as seen in Chinese "ๅ," English "at," Ukrainian "ะฝะฐ," and German "an," resulting in changes to the verb phrase. On the other hand, in Japanese, by adding the formal noun "no hou," the noun phrase changes, and the meaning of "direction noun + wo + see" shifts from merely emphasizing visual intent to including the directionality of the action, while the particle remains unchanged.
ใๆนๅๅ่ฉ +ใ + ่ฆใใใซใใใใ่ฆใใใฎๆๅณใฏใใๅฏพ่ฑกใฎๆ ๅใๆขใซๆ ใใฆใใพใฃใ็ถๆ ใใจใๅฏพ่ฑกใฎๆนๅใพใง่ฆ็ทใ็งปๅใใใใฎไธกๆนใๅซใใใฎ The meaning of "่ฆใ" in "direction noun + ใ + ่ฆใ" includes both "the state of having already captured the image of the object" and "moving the gaze towards the direction of the object."
ใงใใใใใฎๆๅณใฏใใใใธใฟใซๅคง่พๆณใใซใใใ่ฆใใใฎๅฎ็พฉ(1)ใ็ฎใงไบ็ฉ ใฎๅญๅจใชใฉใใจใใใใ่ฆ่ฆใซๅ ฅใใใ็บใใใใซ่ฉฒๅฝใใใใใฎๆง้ ใซใ ใใฆใใ่ฆใใใฏไบ่ฑก่คๅๆงใ็ฌ้ๆงใจ็ถ็ถๆงใ็งปๅๅ่ฉใธใฎ็งป่กๆงใๆใกใไบ่ฑก็ช็บๆงใๆใใใซใใใใจใใงใใใ This means that it corresponds to the definition of "to see" in the "Digital Daijisen" (1) "to perceive the existence of things with the eyes; to take in visually; to gaze." In this structure, "to see" has the properties of event complexity, momentariness and continuity, and the ability to transition to motion verbs, which can clarify the suddenness of events.
ใ่ฆใใใๆใคไบ่ฑก่คๅๆงใจใฏใใ่ฆใใใใ่ฆ่ฆไบ่ฑกใใ ใใงใชใใๆ ๅใๆใใใใใพใงใฎใ็งปๅไบ่ฑกใใๅซใใใจใๆๅณใใใใใใซใใใ The complexity of the phenomenon that "seeing" possesses means that "seeing" includes not only "visual phenomena" but also "movement phenomena" until the image is captured. This allows for,
ใ่ฆใใใฏใ่ฆใใใใพใงใฎๅ็้็จใๅผท่ชฟใใใใฎ้็จใซใฏ่ฆ็ทใใใณ่บซไฝใฎ็งปๅใๅซใพใใใใใใฏใๅไฝ้็จใไฟฎ้ฃพใใๅฏ่ฉใใกใใฃใจใใ่ฟฝๅ ใใใใจใงๆค่จผใใใใจใใงใใใ The verb "to see" emphasizes the dynamic process leading up to "to be visible," which includes the movement of gaze and body. This can be verified by adding the adverb "glance" that modifies the action process.
ใ่ฆใใ่ชไฝใฏ้็จๆงใฎใใๅ่ฉใงใใใใใใฎ็ฆ็นใฎใใใๆนใซใใฃ ใฆใ็ฌ้ๆงใจ็ถ็ถๆงใฎใฉใกใใ็คบใใใใขในใใฏใใฎๆบใใ็ใใใใๆนๅๅ่ฉ๏ผใๅ่ฆใใใฎใ่ฆใใใๅฎๆ็ธใฎๅ ดๅใ่คๅไบ่ฑกใซใใใ็ฌ้็้็จ ใฎๅง็บใฎๅฑ้ขใๅผท่ชฟใใ็ฌ้ๆงใ็คบใใฆใใใไธๆนใใๆนๅๅ่ฉ๏ผใ๏ผ่ฆ ใใใซใใใใ่ฆใใใ็ถ็ถ็ธใไธใฆใใใใไธใคใฅใใใใฎๅ ดๅใ่คๅไบ่ฑกใซใใใๅไฝใฎๆ็ถ้็จใๅผท่ชฟใใ็ถ็ถๆงใ็คบใใฆใใใ The verb "to see" itself is a processual verb, but depending on how the focus is placed, it can indicate either momentariness or continuity, resulting in a fluctuation of aspect. In the case of "to see" in the completed aspect with "direction noun + wo + see," it emphasizes the initial phase of a momentary process in a complex event, indicating momentariness. On the other hand, when "to see" is in the continuous aspect "te iru" or "tsuzukete iru" with "direction noun + wo + see," it emphasizes the ongoing process of the action in a complex event, indicating continuity.
ใ่ฆใใใฎๆใค็งปๅๅ่ฉใธใฎ็งป่กๆงใจใฏใใ่ฆใใใๅ ธๅ็ใช็งปๅๅ่ฉใง ใฏใชใใใๅๆใซ็งปๅๅ่ฉใฎๆง่ณชใๆใคใใจใๆๅณใใใใๆนๅๅ่ฉ๏ผใ๏ผ่ฆใใใซใใใใ่ฆใใใฎๅไฝใ็บ็ใใ้ใใใฎๅฎ่ก่ ่ช่บซใซใฏไฝ็ฝฎใฎ็งปๅใ็ใใใใใฎๅฏพ่ฑกใซใไฝ็ฝฎใฎๅคๅใไธใใชใใใใๅ ธๅ็ใช็งปๅๅ่ฉใง ใฏใชใใใใใใใ่ฆใใ่ชไฝใฏ่ฆ็ทใใใณ่บซไฝใฎ็งปๅใๅซใฟใ้ฃ็ถใใ็งปๅ้็จใๅผท่ชฟใใ็งปๅใซใฏๆนๅๆงใใใใใใ็งปๅๅ่ฉใฎ็นๅพดใๆใคใใพ ใใไธ่ฌๅ่ฉใฎๅพใซใใฎใปใใใ่ฟฝๅ ใใใใจใงๆค่จผใใใจใๆนๅๅ่ฉใจ็ต ใฟๅใใใๅ ดๅใๆนไฝๅ่ฉใฏใ่ฆใใใฎๅฏพ่ฑกใงใฏใชใใใ่ฆใใใฎๆนๅใๆ ใใใจใ็ขบ่ชใงใใใใใใซใใๆนๅๅ่ฉ๏ผใ๏ผ่ฆใใๆง้ ใฏใ่ฆใใใฎๆนๅๆงใๅผท่ชฟใใๆนๅๅ่ฉใฎๆๅจๆนๅใฎๅๅใซ้ขๅฟใๅฏใใฆใใใ The transition of "to see" to a motion verb means that "to see" is not a typical motion verb, but at the same time, it possesses the characteristics of a motion verb. When the action of "to see" occurs in "direction noun + wo + to see," there is no movement of the executor's position, nor does it cause a change in the position of the object, so it is not a typical motion verb. However, "to see" itself includes the movement of gaze and body, emphasizes a continuous process of movement, and has directional qualities, thus possessing features of a motion verb. Additionally, when verified by adding "no hou" after a common noun, it can be confirmed that when combined with a direction noun, the direction noun does not refer to the object of "to see," but indicates the direction of "to see." Furthermore, the structure "direction noun + wo + to see" emphasizes the directionality of "to see" and shows an interest in the trends of the direction noun's location.
ๆ่็ใช่ฆณ็นใใใใๆนๅๅ่ฉ๏ผ่ฆใใใซใใใใ่ฆใใใๅฎๆ็ธใงใใๅ ดๅใใใฎๆง้ ใฏไบ่ฑกใฎ็ช็บๆงใๅผท่ชฟใใใใใฎๅๆใซใฏใ่กๅ่ ใๆ่ญ็ ใซ่ฆ็ทใ็นๅฎใฎๆนๅใซๅใใๆฐใใชๅฅๆฉใ็พใใใใใฎๆฐใใชๅฅๆฉใฏใๅคใ ใฎๅ ดๅใ็ช็บ็ใชๅซใณๅฃฐใๅฏพ่ฉฑใฎๅฃฐใงใใใๅไฝๅฎ่ก่ ใใใฎๆนๅใฎๅๅใซ้ขๅฟใๆใคใใใซใชใใใใใฆใใใฎๅพๆใฏๅคใใฎๅ ดๅใ้ฉใในใๆฐใใ็บ่ฆใ็คบใใ็ช็บ็ใชๅบๆฅไบใๆใใใซใใใใฎใงใใใใใฎใใใชๆง้ ใฏ็ทๅผตๆใใตในใใณในๆใ้ซใใๅนๆใใใใ From a contextual perspective, when "่ฆใ" in "direction noun + ่ฆใ" is in the perfective aspect, this structure emphasizes the suddenness of the event. In the preceding sentence, a new opportunity arises where the actor consciously directs their gaze in a specific direction. This new opportunity often manifests as a sudden shout or the voice of dialogue, leading the actor to become interested in the developments in that direction. The subsequent sentence often reveals a surprising new discovery, clarifying a sudden event. Such a structure has the effect of heightening tension and suspense.
ไปฅไธใใพใจใใใจใๆฅๆฌ่ชใซใใใใๆนๅๅ่ฉ๏ผใๅ่ฆใใใฏๆๅณ็็นๆฎๆงใๆใกใไธ็่จ่ชใซใใใใๆนๅๅ่ฉ๏ผใ๏ผ่ฆใใใฏๆๆณ็็นๆฎๆงใๆใฃ ใฆใใใใๆนๅๅ่ฉ +ใ + ่ฆใใใซใใใใ่ฆใใใฎ็นๅพดใจใใฆใใใฎไบ่ฑก่ค In summary, the construction "direction noun + wo + miru" in Japanese has semantic specificity, while "direction noun + wo + miru" in world languages has grammatical specificity. As for the characteristics of "miru" in "direction noun + wo + miru," its event complexity...
ๅๆงใ็ฌ้ๆงใจ็ถ็ถๆงใ็งปๅๅ่ฉใธใฎ็งป่กๆงใใใใฆไบ่ฑก็ช็บๆงใๆใใ ใใๅคๆงใชๆ่ใซใใใฆ้่ฆใชๅฝนๅฒใๆใใใฆใใใใจใๆใใใงใใใ It is clear that aspects such as compatibility, momentariness and continuity, transition to motion verbs, and event suddenness play important roles in various contexts.
^(1){ }^{1} ่ง็ฐๅคงไฝ. ไธ็ใฎ่จ่ชใจๆฅๆฌ่ชโโ่จ่ช้กๅ่ซใใ่ฆใๆฅๆฌ่ช[M]. ๆฑไบฌ๏ผใใใใๅบ็็คพ๏ผ2010๏ผ117. Daisaku Kakuta. Languages of the World and Japanese โ Japanese from the Perspective of Language Typology [M]. Tokyo: Kuroshio Publishers, 2010: 117.
^(2){ }^{2} ๆฃฎๅฑฑๅ้. ๆฅๆฌ่ชๅ่ฉ่ฟฐ่ชๆใฎ็ ็ฉถ[M]. ๆฑไบฌ๏ผๆๆฒปๆธ้ข๏ผ1988๏ผ158. Moriya Takuro. A Study of Japanese Verb Predicate Sentences [M]. Tokyo: Meiji Shoin, 1988: 158. ^(3){ }^{3} ้้ก็ใๆฅๆฌ่ชๅ่ฉใฎใขในใใฏใๆงๅใณใใฎ็ตฑ่ชๆง้ ใซใคใใฆ๏ผปM๏ผฝ.ไธๆตท๏ผไธๆตทไบค้ๅคงๅญฆๅบ็็คพ๏ผ2015๏ผ132. ^(3){ }^{3} Kin ้ก็. Aspectuality of Japanese Verbs and Its Syntactic Structure [M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Jiao Tong University Press, 2015: 132.
^(4){ }^{4} ๅฐๆฑ ๆธ ๆฒป๏ผ็ฐ้็ฅๆ. ่ชๅ่ฉใๅใใใจใใๆ ผใใฎ็ตใณใคใ[J]. ๅคๅฝๆๅญฆ, 2002, 51๏ผ1๏ผ๏ผ67. Kiyoharu Koike, Tomonari Tanabe. The connection between the intransitive verb "muku" and the accusative case[J]. Foreign Literature, 2002, 51(1): 67.