Part I  第一部分
Directions: Suppose your university is seeking students’ opinions on whether university canteens should be open to the public. You are now to write an essay to express your view. You will have 30 minutes for the task. You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words.
方向：假设您的大学正在征求学生关于大学食堂是否应该向公众开放的意见。你现在要写一篇文章来表达你的观点。您将有 30 分钟的时间来完成这项任务。您应该写至少 120 个字，但不超过 180 个字。

特别说明:官方第三套真题的听力试题与第二套真题的一致，只是选项顺序不同，因此，本套试卷不再提供听力部分。

(40 minutes)  （40 分钟）

Directions: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.
说明：在本节中，有一段有十个空白的段落。您需要从文章后面的词库中给出的选项列表中为每个空白处选择一个单词。在做出选择之前，请仔细阅读这篇文章。银行中的每个选项都由一个字母标识。请在答题纸 2 上每个项目的相应字母上用一条穿过中心的单行标记。您不能多次使用银行中的任何单词。

Over the coming decades, millions of jobs will be threatened by robotics and artificial intelligence. Despite intensive academic $$$$qquad\qquad on these developments, there has been little study on how workers $$$$qquad\qquad 27 to being replaced through technology.
未来几十年，数以百万计的工作岗位将受到机器人技术和人工智能的威胁。尽管对这些发展进行了深入的学术研究 $$$$qquad\qquad ，但很少有关于工人 $$$$qquad\qquad 27 如何被技术取代的研究。

To find out, business researchers at TUM and Erasmus University Rotterdam conducted 11 studies and surveys with over 2,000 persons from several countries.
为了找出答案，TUM 和鹿特丹伊拉斯谟大学的商业研究人员对来自多个国家的 2,000 多人进行了 11 项研究和调查。

The findings show: in principle, most people view it more $$$$qquad\qquad 28 when workers are replaced by other people than by robots or intelligent software. This preference $$$$qquad\qquad , however, when it refers to people’s own jobs. When that is the case, the majority of workers find it less upsetting to see their own jobs go to robots than to other employees. In the long term, however, the same people see machines as more threatening to their future role in the workforce. These effects can also be observed among people who have recently become unemployed.
研究结果表明：原则上，大多数人更多 $$$$qquad\qquad 地认为 28 当工人被其他人取代时，而不是被机器人或智能软件取代。然而，这种偏好 $$$$qquad\qquad 是指人们自己的工作。在这种情况下，大多数员工发现看到自己的工作交给机器人比其他员工更不安。然而，从长远来看，这些人认为机器对他们未来在劳动力中的角色构成更大的威胁。这些影响也可以在最近失业的人中观察到。

The researchers were able to identify the causes behind these $$$$qquad\qquad 30 $$$$qquad\qquad paradoxica results, too: People tend to $$$$qquad\qquad 31 $$$$qquad\qquad themselves less with machines than with other people. Consequently, being replaced by a robot or software $$$$qquad\qquad 32 $$$$qquad\qquad less of a threat to their feeling of self-worth. This reduced self-threat could even be observed when participants assumed that they were being replaced by other employees who relied on technological abilities such as artificial intelligence in their work.
研究人员也能够确定这 $$$$qquad\qquad 30 个 $$$$qquad\qquad 悖论结果背后的原因：与其他人相比，人们倾向于 $$$$qquad\qquad 31 $$$$qquad\qquad 自己使用机器。因此，被机器人或软件 $$$$qquad\qquad 取代 32 $$$$qquad\qquad 对他们的自我价值感的威胁较小。当参与者认为他们正在被其他在工作中依赖人工智能等技术能力的员工取代时，甚至可以观察到这种减少的自我威胁。
“Even when unemployment results from the $$$$qquad\qquad 33 of new technologies, people still judge it in a social context,” says Christoph Fuchs, one of the authors of the study. “It is important to understand these $$$$qquad\qquad 34 $$$$qquad\qquad effects when trying to manage the massive changes in the working world to minimize $$$$qquad\qquad 35 $$$$qquad\qquad in society.”
“即使失业是由 $$$$qquad\qquad 33 种新技术造成的，人们仍然会根据社会背景来评判它，”该研究的作者之一克里斯托夫·福克斯 （Christoph Fuchs） 说。“在试图管理工作世界的巨大变化以最大限度地减少 $$$$qquad\qquad 社会 $$$$qquad\qquad 中的 35 时，了解这 $$$$qquad\qquad 34 $$$$qquad\qquad 种影响非常重要。”

Directions: In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter. Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter
方向： 在本节中，您将阅读一篇附有十个陈述的文章。每个语句都包含其中一个段落中给出的信息。确定从中派生信息的段落。您可以多次选择一个段落。每个段落都标有字母。通过标记相应的字母来回答问题

A) Certain institutions, such as schools are likely to close when bad weather, such as snow, flooding, or extreme heat or cold, causes travel difficulties, power outages (断供) or otherwise endangers public safety. When snowy weather arrives in the US, it means the chance of school children benefiting from the long-standing tradition of the “snow day”, when schools are forced to close and students get an unexpected day off.
A） 当恶劣天气（如降雪、洪水、极热或极冷）导致出行困难、停电 （断供） 或以其他方式危及公共安全时，某些机构（如学校）可能会关闭。当美国下雪天气到来时，这意味着学童有机会从由来已久的“下雪天”传统中受益，届时学校被迫关闭，学生会意外地放假。
B) The criterion for a snow day is primarily the inability of school buses to operate safely on their routes and danger to children who walk to school. Often, the school remains officially open even though buses do not run and classes are canceled. Severe weather that causes cancellation or delay is more likely in regions that are less able to handle the situation. Snow days are less common in more northern areas of the United States that are used to heavy winter snowfall because municipalities are well equipped to clear roads and remove snow. In areas less accustomed to snow, even small snowfalls of an inch or two may render roads unsafe.
B） 下雪天的标准主要是校车无法在其路线上安全运行以及对步行上学的儿童的危险。通常，即使公共汽车不运行并且课程被取消，学校仍然正式开放。在处理这种情况的能力较弱的地区，更有可能出现导致取消或延误的恶劣天气。在美国北部地区，下雪天不太常见，因为城市已经做好了清理道路和清除积雪的装备。在不太习惯下雪的地区，即使是一两英寸的小降雪也可能使道路不安全。
C) Snow days are a familiar theme in American film and TV shows, with children getting the good news and then running outside for some seasonal snowman-building and snowball throwing, against a background of joyful pop music. But the tradition is now over for pupils in several US states such as South Carolina, Nevada, Georgia and Indiana. This academic year, many school boards have introduced policies which require students to work from home if the school is shut by snow or extreme weather. They are known as “e-learning days”, which certainly sounds less fun than a snow day.
C） 下雪天是美国电影和电视节目中熟悉的主题，孩子们得到好消息后，在欢快的流行音乐的背景下跑到外面堆雪人和扔雪球。但是，对于南卡罗来纳州、内华达州、佐治亚州和印第安纳州等美国几个州的学生来说，这一传统现在已经结束了。本学年，许多学校董事会出台了政策，要求学生在学校因下雪或极端天气而关闭时在家工作。它们被称为“电子学习日”，这听起来肯定不如下雪天有趣。
D) Teachers are also losing their snow days and instead will be expected to be on hand to take a virtual register and answer students’ questions online. A pilot programme in a school district in Anderson County, South Carolina, has supplied students with electronic tablets loaded with assignments to complete in the event of a school closure. If it is successful, it could be rolled out across the state.
D） 教师们也失去了他们的下雪天，取而代之的是，他们将被期望在现场进行虚拟登记并在线回答学生的问题。南卡罗来纳州安德森县（Anderson County， South Carolina）一个学区的一个试点项目为学生提供了电子平板电脑，这些平板电脑上装满了学校停课时需要完成的作业。如果成功，它可以在全州推广。
E) But some parents object to the new policy if the vigorous debate on the Facebook page of Anderson County school district is anything to go by. “When it snows, let the kids enjoy it.” said one commenter. Another said the decision would “ruin school even more”, and someone else called snow days “a fun part of childhood”. But supporters of the policy say it means children will miss fewer days of school. It will also bring to an end a less popular US high school tradition: the “make-up day” which requires students in many states to make up the time lost due to weather by working during school holidays.
E） 但是，如果安德森县学区 Facebook 页面上的激烈辩论可以作为参考，那么一些家长会反对新政策。“下雪的时候，让孩子们享受吧，”一位评论者说。另一位人士表示，这一决定将“更加毁掉学校”，还有人称下雪天是“童年有趣的部分”。但该政策的支持者表示，这意味着孩子们的缺课天数将减少。它还将结束一个不太受欢迎的美国高中传统：“补课日”，该传统要求许多州的学生在学校假期期间工作来弥补因天气而损失的时间。
F) Students in North Carolina already have several make-up days scheduled because of school closures during Hurricane Florence, which struck in September. Tom Wilson, the superintendent (主管) of Anderson County school district said the change away from snow days makes practical and financial sense. He said technology has changed every profession, so it makes sense to use it to “eliminate” make-up days. Adam Baker of the Department of Education in Indiana said e-learning days were proving a “great success”. He said most Indiana schools already use digital devices during lessons, so it was an “easy decision” to extend this to days when schools are closed. He denies the decision is depriving children of the chance to enjoy the snow. “Students are still able to enjoy snow days and outside time,” he said. “Many have PE and science assignments that have them out enjoying the weather.” But local school superintendents in Ohio are resisting proposals to adopt e-learning days. They fear that students without internet access at home will be disadvantaged by the policy, and superintendent Tom Roth is concerned that e-learning days will offer a lower quality of education.
F） 北卡罗来纳州的学生已经安排了几个补课日，因为在 9 月袭击的佛罗伦萨飓风期间学校关闭。安德森县学区负责人（主管）汤姆·威尔逊 （Tom Wilson） 表示，取消下雪天的改变具有实际和经济意义。他说，技术已经改变了每个职业，因此用它来“消除”化妆日是有意义的。印第安纳州教育部的亚当·贝克 （Adam Baker） 表示，电子学习日被证明是“巨大的成功”。他说，印第安纳州的大多数学校已经在课堂上使用数字设备，因此将其延长到学校关闭的日子是一个“简单的决定”。他否认这一决定剥夺了孩子们享受雪的机会。“学生们仍然能够享受下雪天和户外时间，”他说。“许多人有体育和科学作业，让他们出去享受天气。”但俄亥俄州当地学校的校长正在抵制采用电子学习日的提议。他们担心在家中无法访问互联网的学生会因该政策而处于不利地位，而学监汤姆·罗斯 （Tom Roth） 担心电子学习日会提供较低的教育质量。
G) There are also so-called “blizzard bags”, with assignments that children take home ahead of an expected snow closure. But Mr. Roth says it is not sufficient as a replacement. “I think we still need the class time to give our kids the education that they deserve.” he said. “You can’t get that with a blizzard bag or doing the work from home like that. It’s not going to be as effective.”
G） 还有所谓的“暴风雪袋”，孩子们可以在预期的雪关闭之前将作业带回家。但罗斯表示，这还不足以替代。“我认为我们仍然需要上课时间给我们的孩子提供他们应得的教育，”他说。“你不能用暴风雪袋或像那样在家做工作来做到这一点。它不会那么有效。
H) There is a long-running debate on whether missing days of school affects attainment. In England. there has been a focus on tackling absenteeism (旷课) from school. The Department for Education (DFE) published research in 2016 arguing that missing any days at school could have a negative impact on results. Even a few days lost in a year could be enough to miss out on getting a good exam grade, the DFE’s research concluded. This differed from the findings of a study from Harvard University in the US, which concluded that missing a few occasional days because of the weather did not damage learning.
H） 关于缺课天数是否会影响成绩，存在长期争论。在英国。一直专注于解决旷课问题。教育部 （DFE） 在 2016 年发表了研究，认为缺勤任何一天都可能对成绩产生负面影响。DFE 的研究得出结论，即使一年中损失了几天，也足以错过获得好成绩的机会。这与美国哈佛大学的一项研究结果不同，后者得出的结论是，由于天气原因偶尔缺席几天并不会损害学习。
I) The Harvard study examined seven years of school results data and could not find any impact from snow closures. What caused more disruption was when schools tried to stay open in bad weather even though many staff and pupils were absent. But weather can make a difference to school results, according to another piece of Harvard research published last summer. It’s hot weather that has the negative impact. The results of 10 million school students were examined over 13 years
I） 哈佛大学的研究检查了七年的学校成绩数据，没有发现封雪有任何影响。造成更多干扰的是，尽管许多教职员工和学生缺勤，但学校仍试图在恶劣天气下保持开放。但根据去年夏天发表的哈佛大学研究的另一篇，天气会影响学校成绩。炎热的天气会产生负面影响。在 13 年的时间里，对 1000 万在校学生的成绩进行了检查
and researchers found a “significant” link between years with extremely hot weather and lower results.
研究人员发现，天气极端炎热的年份与较低的结果之间存在“显着”联系。
J) It’s obvious that students should go to school every day to get the most out of education. In cases of extreme weather, students don’t always have that option. However, research shows that authorised absences from school such as during extreme weather are less problematic for students than absences that are not authorised. This is because unauthorised absences tend to reflect patterns and behaviours of student disengagement or the possible negative attitudes of parents towards education that students adopt and carry with them through schooling. The level of impact on students’ educational performance is all to do with the length of time that a student is absent from school and how regularly this occurs.
J） 很明显，学生应该每天上学以充分利用教育。在极端天气的情况下，学生并不总是有这种选择。然而，研究表明，与未经授权的缺勤相比，在极端天气期间等经批准的缺勤对学生来说问题较小。这是因为未经授权的缺勤往往反映了学生脱离的模式和行为，或者父母对学生在学校教育中采用和携带的教育可能采取的消极态度。对学生学习成绩的影响程度完全与学生缺勤的时间长短以及这种情况发生的频率有关。
36.There is opposition to the practice of giving children assignments to take home before extreme weather forces a school closure.
36. 在极端天气迫使学校关闭之前，给孩子们布置作业让他们带回家的做法遭到反对。
37.New policies adopted by many US schools require students to do online learning at home in case of a school closure.
37. 许多美国学校采取的新政策要求学生在学校停课的情况下在家进行在线学习。
38.According to some research, extreme hot weather negatively affects students’ performance.
38. 根据一些研究，极端炎热的天气会对学生的表现产生负面影响。
39.There is a time-honoured tradition in the US for school kids to stay at home on “snow days”.
39. 美国有一个历史悠久的传统，即学童在“下雪天”呆在家里。
40.Debates on social media show some parents are opposed to ending the “snow day” tradition.
40. 社交媒体上的辩论显示，一些家长反对结束“下雪天”的传统。
41.In more northern regions of the US, school is less likely to be affected by snowy weather.
41.In 美国北部地区，学校受下雪天气的影响较小。
42.Research indicates absences from school with permission do not cause as many problems as those without permission.
42. 研究表明，未经许可的旷课不会像未经许可的旷课那样造成那么多问题。
43.There is objection to e-learning days owing to fear that students with no access to the Internet at home will suffer.
43. 有人反对电子学习日，因为担心在家无法访问互联网的学生会受到影响。
44.In a pilot programme, students are given electronic devices to do assignments when schools are closed.
44.In 试点计划中，学生会在学校关闭时获得电子设备来完成作业。
45.A long-standing debate is going on over the impact of school absences on students’ academic performance.
45. 关于缺勤对学生学业成绩的影响，人们一直在争论不休。

Section C  C 部分
Directions: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.
路线： 本节有 2 段。每段经文后面都有一些问题或未完成的陈述。对于每个选项，都有四个选项，分别标记为 A）、B）、C） 和 D）。您应该决定最佳选择，并在答题纸 2 上用一条穿过中心的单行标记相应的字母。

It may sound surprising, but you don’t have to be interested in fashion, or even in history, to enjoy Dress Codes: How the Laws of Fashion Made History. I happen to be interested in both, and ended up enjoying the book for completely different reasons.
这听起来可能令人惊讶，但您不必对时尚甚至历史感兴趣，即可享受着装规范：时尚法则如何创造历史。我碰巧对两者都感兴趣，最终出于完全不同的原因喜欢这本书。

Richard Thompson Ford is a law professor, and you probably won’t forget that for even one page. His carefully reasoned arguments, packed with examples, sound almost like reading a court opinion, only maybe wordier. You will probably never think of fashion as a trifle again.
理查德·汤普森·福特 （Richard Thompson Ford） 是一位法学教授，您可能不会忘记哪怕一页。他经过仔细推理的论点，充满了例子，听起来几乎就像阅读法院意见书，只是可能更冗长。您可能再也不会将时尚视为小事。

Ford’s thesis is that the best way to understand what particular fashions meant in any given era is to look at the restrictions placed on them. Through this lens, he shows us that the first laws passed in the 1200 s to ensure that only the nobility were allowed to wear certain fabrics, colors and ornaments reflected the rise of the middle class, who were now able to imitate some of these fashions. The status of the upper classes was threatened: fashion was a tool to preserve it.
福特的论点是，理解特定时尚在任何特定时代意味着什么的最好方法是查看对它们的限制。通过这个镜头，他向我们展示了 1200 年代通过的第一项法律，以确保只有贵族才能穿着某些面料、颜色和装饰品，这反映了中产阶级的崛起，他们现在能够模仿其中一些时尚。上层阶级的地位受到威胁：时尚是维护它的工具。

Ford takes the reader through the evolution of fashion while examining the underlying motivations of status: sex, power, and personality, which, he assumes, influenced all innovations in fashion in the past and which continue to influence us today. His writing is more than a little dense - dense with research, clauses, and precise adjectives and nouns. But there’s also humor and enough interesting episodes to make the writing appealing. No one is spared his sharp analysis: not the easy targets of 19th century women’s crippling (伤害身体的) fashions nor the modern uniforms of Silicon Valley T-shirts.
Ford 带领读者了解时尚的演变，同时审视地位的潜在动机：性、权力和个性，他认为这些影响了过去时尚界的所有创新，并继续影响着今天的我们。他的作品不仅仅是一点点密集——充满了研究、从句以及精确的形容词和名词。但也有幽默和足够有趣的情节使写作具有吸引力。没有人能幸免于他犀利的分析：既不是 19 世纪女性残害（伤害身体的）时尚的轻易目标，也不是硅谷 T 恤的现代制服。

But the greatest strength of this book (on fashion!) is its intellectual profoundness. Ford asks us to question unconscious beliefs, to realize that we almost never do so, to understand that the simplest choices are charged with meaning, and yet that meaning can and does change all the time. Consider the fact that a 1918 catalog insisted that boys and girls be dressed in the appropriate color. We believe our thinking today is evolved. Ford shows us it’s not.
但这本书（关于时尚）最大的优势在于它的知识渊博。福特要求我们质疑无意识的信念，意识到我们几乎从来没有这样做过，要明白最简单的选择都充满了意义，但这种意义可以而且确实一直在变化。想想看，1918 年的一份目录坚持要求男孩和女孩穿着适当的颜色。我们相信我们今天的思维是不断发展的。福特告诉我们不是。
46. What does the author think of the book Dress Codes: How the Laws of Fashion Made History?
46. 作者如何看待《着装规范：时尚法则如何创造历史》一书？
A) It is read by people for entirely different reasons
A） 人们阅读它的原因完全不同
C) It makes enjoyable as well as informative reading.
C） 它使阅读既有趣又内容丰富。
B) It is meant for those interested in fashion history
B） 它适用于那些对时尚历史感兴趣的人
D) It converts fashion into something for deliberation.
D） 它将时尚转化为深思熟虑的东西。