The Virtual Art Academy Apprentice Program 虚拟艺术学院学徒计划
Unequal space Division 不均等的空间划分
Barry John Raybould, MA (Cantab) 巴里·约翰·雷伯德，剑桥大学文学硕士
(C)2004-2013 Barry John Raybould. All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, these electronic materials are for your personal and non-commercial use, and you may not modify, copy, distribute, transmit, display, reproduce, publish, license, create derivative works from, transfer, or sell any information obtained from these materials without written permission from the author. （C）2004-2013 Barry John Raybould。保留所有权利。除非另有规定，这些电子材料仅供个人非商业使用，您不得在未经作者书面许可的情况下修改、复制、分发、传输、展示、复制、出版、许可、创建衍生作品、转让或出售从这些材料中获取的任何信息。
TECHNIQUE: LINEAR Compositional SKETCH 技巧：线性构图素描
Purpose 目的
This technique helps you develop various aspects of your composition quickly using line rather than mass. 这种技术可以帮助您快速地利用线条而不是形体来发展作品的各个方面。
When to use it 何时使用它
Use this technique when developing larger and more complex compositions. Do the linear compositional sketch after doing the mass notan painting, since mass notan paintings are much quicker to do. Linear compositional studies are particularly useful for large paintings in which eye movement needs to be more developed. Linear compositional studies are useful for working out: 在开发更大更复杂的构图时使用这种技巧。在进行大面积的 notan 绘画后，进行线性构图草图，因为大面积的 notan 绘画更快速。线性构图研究对于需要更加发展的眼部移动的大幅画作尤为有用。线性构图研究有助于解决以下问题：
baselines and ground contours 基线和地面轮廓
counterpoint 对位
directing lines 导向线
graceful line 优美的线条
interrelationship of line 线条的相互关系
overlapping forms 重叠的形式
rhythm 节奏
movement 运动
right angles 直角
tie together 联系在一起
unequal space division 不均匀的空间划分
How to do it 如何做到
Use lines, rather than masses, to show the division of space and the major shapes in your painting. You can suggest value with some limited shading if you wish. 使用线条而不是块状物来展示绘画中空间的划分和主要形状。如果愿意，可以通过一些有限的阴影来暗示价值。
Caution 注意
Do not consider this the final composition. You may make many minor adjustments while you paint. 不要认为这是最终构图。在绘画过程中，你可以进行许多细微调整。
Example 示例
The above sketch explores a number of issues in the painting, such as gesture, space division, and rhythm. A linear compositional sketch includes an outline study, but may also add rhythm lines, important gestures, and so on, that explore more than just the division of space in a painting. 以上素描探讨了绘画中的许多问题，如手势、空间划分和节奏。线性构图素描包括轮廓研究，但也可能添加节奏线条、重要手势等，探索的不仅仅是绘画中的空间划分。
This is a type of linear compositional sketch called an outline study. It is used mainly to understand the division of space in a painting and ensure you have unequal space division. 这是一种称为轮廓研究的线性构图素描类型。主要用于理解绘画中空间的划分，并确保您有不均匀的空间划分。
Counterpoint 1 对位 1
Some artists shade the linear compositional sketch, giving you a combination notan/linear sketch. 一些艺术家给线性构图草图着上阴影，为您呈现组合的明暗/线性草图。
- Con
The disadvantage of this approach is that it takes much more time to explore different notan structures because a linear compositional sketch is much larger than a notan sketch. 这种方法的缺点是，要探索不同的构图结构需要更多时间，因为线性构图草图比构图草图要大得多。
PRINCIPLE: UnEQUAL SPACE DIVISION 原则：不均匀空间划分
Divide space unequally. It is not necessary to always use the golden mean or rabatment of the rectangle to divide spaces, but avoid creating spaces of equal size. 不等分空间。并不总是需要使用黄金比例或矩形的减法来划分空间，但要避免创建相等大小的空间。
Exception 异常
Once the main divisions have been established you can safely divide spaces evenly. In the example of space division arrangement below we have started off with unequal space divisions and then created some equally spaced divisions without any problems. 一旦主要的区分已经建立，您可以安全地均匀划分空间。在下面的空间划分安排示例中，我们从不均匀的空间划分开始，然后创建了一些等距划分，没有任何问题。
Raybould 雷博尔德
Cat. 904 . 猫。904。
Do this: 做这个：
In this example, the horizon divides the vertical space unequally creating a more interesting composition. 在这个例子中，地平线不均匀地分割了垂直空间，创造出更有趣的构图。
In this example, the tree shape and sky shapes are not equal. 在这个例子中，树形状和天空形状不相等。
Avoid this: 避免这种情况：
In this example, the horizon is halfway up the picture. 在这个例子中，地平线位于图片的中间位置。
In this example, the tree shape and the sky shapes are equal in size. 在这个例子中，树的形状和天空的形状大小相等。
They are also equal in shape, as you more easily see if you turn the picture upside down and look at it in a mirror (see below). 它们在形状上也是相等的，如果你把图片倒过来，在镜子里看，就更容易看出来（见下图）。
Tips 技巧
If you have a landscape divided into two oblongs with a dark foreground and light sky, try making the horizon lower than the middle of the picture. 如果你的风景画被分成两个长方形，前景暗，天空明亮，试着把地平线放在图片中间以下。
Do this: 做这个：
In this composition the oblong shape of the sky is slightly larger than the oblong shape of the land. This gives a sombre feeling to the landscape in which the viewer feels the "weight" of the sky. 在这幅作品中，天空的长方形形状略大于陆地的长方形形状。这使得风景呈现出一种沉郁的感觉，观者能感受到天空的“重量”。
In a composition with verticals, vary both the spacing and the width of the verticals. This makes the composition more interesting. 在具有垂直线条的构图中，变化垂直线条的间距和宽度。这样可以使构图更加有趣。
Note 注意
The bases of the tree trunks form a triangle. By making sure all these triangles are different, you will end up with a more interesting space division. 树干的基部形成一个三角形。确保所有这些三角形都不同，最终会得到更有趣的空间划分。
Draw the spaces first, then draw the objects. In this example, first draw the spaces between the trees, then redraw the trunks left between. 首先画出空间，然后再画物体。在这个例子中，先画出树之间的空间，然后重新画出留在其中的树干。
Draw the largest shapes first. 首先绘制最大的形状。
PRINCIPLE: DESIGN NEGATIVE SPAcES 原则：设计负空间
Negative space is the space around and between the subject or subjects in a picture. It is created by the subject blocking your view of its surroundings. This negative space has a definite shape and is important as a compositional element in your painting. In some cases it may even be more important than the shape of the subject itself. 负空间是图片中主体周围和之间的空间。它是由主体阻挡您对其周围环境的视野而产生的。这种负空间具有明确的形状，在您的绘画中作为构图元素至关重要。在某些情况下，它甚至可能比主体本身的形状更重要。
Be aware that whenever you draw an object you are drawing two shapes, not one. You are drawing both the object itself and the negative shape. You must design both of these shapes to be interesting. Often, the edges of the canvas form some of the edges of the negative shape. 请注意，每当你画一个物体时，你实际上是在画两个形状，而不是一个。你要同时画出物体本身和它的负形。你必须设计这两个形状都要有趣。通常，画布的边缘形成了负形的一部分。
You can also think of the negative space being the shape that is 'left over' after you have drawn an object. In the following example, it is the sky shape left after you have drawn the buildings. 你也可以将负空间看作是在你画完一个物体后“剩下来”的形状。在下面的例子中，它是在你画完建筑物后剩下的天空形状。
Do this: 做这个：
In this example the negative and interesting. shape A is well thought out 在这个例子中，消极和有趣。形状 A 经过深思熟虑。
Avoid this: 避免这种情况：
In this example the long, thin negative shape A was not carefully designed. 在这个例子中，长而细的负形状 A 没有被仔细设计。
Tips 技巧
It is often easier to draw objects by drawing the negative shape around them, rather than the objects themselves. This is because drawing negative shapes shifts you into the right brain mode from the left brain mode. 通常，通过绘制物体周围的负形而不是物体本身来绘制物体会更容易。这是因为绘制负形会将您从左脑模式转变为右脑模式。
Example 示例
Look at the interesting negative shapes between the tree trunks. 看看树干之间有趣的负形状。
In this painting, the mountains create two negative spaces in the sky. I designed these shapes carefully to avoid tangents (see tangent avoidance) and to make sure there was always an unequal space division. 在这幅画中，山脉在天空中形成了两个负空间。我精心设计这些形状，以避免切线（参见切线避免）并确保始终存在不均匀的空间划分。
Raybould 雷博尔德
Cat. 796 . 猫。796。
Each object creates a negative space on its background. Here, the trees created a negative shape against the distant background. 每个物体在背景上产生负空间。在这里，树在远处的背景上形成了负形状。
Examples (continued) 例子（续）
In this painting by Sorolla, you can see how carefully he designed the negative spaces. 在 Sorolla 的这幅画中，你可以看到他是如何精心设计负空间的。
Sorolla 索洛拉
Cat. 9808 . 猫。9808。
The figures (the positive shapes, or spaces) have been used to create negative spaces (or shapes) in the sand behind them. Sorolla placed the figures in order to make this negative space in the sand interesting. He made sure the shape was interesting and that the indentations in the shape were irregular. 这些人物（即正形状或空间）被用来在它们身后的沙地中创造负空间（或形状）。索罗拉将人物摆放在一起，以使沙地中的负空间变得有趣。他确保形状有趣，并且形状中的凹痕是不规则的。
Indentations 缩进
Note that indentations in shapes (bits cut out of them by other shapes) often make the shape more interesting. You see this a lot in paintings with good shape design. 请注意，形状中的缩进（被其他形状剪切出来的部分）通常会使形状更有趣。在设计良好的形状绘画中经常会看到这一点。
Examples (continued) 示例（续）
Here is a more complicated example of shape design. 这是一个更复杂的形状设计示例。
Ucello 乌切洛
Cat. 8064 猫。8064
In this painting by Ucello, there is a great variety of shapes of many different sizes. Ucello created these shapes using several techniques: 在尤切洛的这幅画中，有许多不同大小的形状。尤切洛使用了几种技巧来创造这些形状：
overlapping one shape over another to create negative spaces 将一个形状重叠在另一个形状上，以创造负空间
breaking one shape into two by placing an object on top of it 将一个形状分成两个，通过将一个物体放在其顶部
linking together shapes of two different objects that have similar values. 将具有相似价值的两种不同对象的形状连接在一起。
Note also the change from small, complicated shapes to large, simple silhouettes. 注意从小而复杂的形状转变为大而简单的轮廓。
In particular, note the negative shape (marked in red) created in the white horse by the rider and the background. A section of the ground plane also forms part of this white shape. Ucello uses the lance and armor on the ground below the two horses in a similar way to create other negative shapes (shown in green).PRINCIPLE: 特别要注意在白马身上由骑手和背景所创造的负形状（标记为红色）。地面平面的一部分也构成了这个白色形状的一部分。乌切洛使用地面上的长矛和盔甲，以类似的方式在两匹马下方创造其他负形状（显示为绿色）。原则：
DESIGN NEGATIVE SPACES 设计负空间
(CONTINUED) （续）
Examples (continued) 示例（续）
Raybould 雷博尔德
Cat. 558. 猫。558。
In this painting, note how I used the negative spaces created by the different parts of the boat and the posts in the foreground against the background. This is very different to most "traditional" boat paintings that focus mostly on the shape of the boat. 在这幅画中，请注意我是如何利用由船的不同部分和前景的支柱所创造的负空间与背景相对比的。这与大多数侧重于船的形状的“传统”船只绘画非常不同。
