3.1. Charts
3.1. 圖表

 According to the ANOVA table for chats in Table 1, color and ambient illumination were found to have significant effects on search time and PANAS. In addition, the interaction between color and ambient illumination also significantly affected search time. The following sub sections described the results and discussion according to the dependent variables.
根據表 1 中聊天的方差分析表，發現顏色和環境照明對搜索時間和 PANAS 有顯著影響。此外，顏色和環境照明之間的交互也顯著影響了搜索時間。以下小節根據因變數描述了結果和討論。

3.1.1. Search time
3.1.1.搜索時間

As shown in Table 1, color (F = 26.30, p < 0.001), ambient illumination (F = 27.75, p < 0.001), and the interaction between color and ambient illumination (F = 73.51, p < 0.001) were the significant factors. For the interaction between color and ambient illumination, as shown in Fig. 1, it can be seen that the charts displayed in grayscale at 200 lx (M = 275.45) resulted in the longest search time. However, it showed the shortest search time when using charts displayed in color at 200 lx (M = 164.24). In general, a shorter search time was found for grayscale than for color under 750 lx and 1500 lx.
如表 1 所示，顏色 （F = 26.30， p < 0.001）、環境照明國家 （F = 27.75， p < 0.001） 以及顏色與環境照明之間的交互作用 （F = 73.51， p < 0.001） 是顯著因素。對於顏色和環境照明之間的相互作用，如圖 1 所示，可以看出，在 200 lx （M = 275.45） 下以灰度顯示的圖表導致搜索時間最長。但是，當使用以 200 lx （M = 164.24） 彩色顯示的圖表時，它顯示的搜索時間最短。通常，灰度的搜索時間比750 lx 和 1500 lx 以下的顏色短。

 For the main effect, color and ambient illumination were the significant factors. The results indicated that color (M = 178.35) was significantly shorter than grayscale (M = 199.35) when participants saw the charts. The main reason may be that color benefits identification. However, grayscale charts take more time to recognize. Therefore, charts displayed in color resulted in a shorter search time. The results also showed that ambient illumination was a significant factor. According to the LSD test, significant differences between 200 lx (M = 219.85) and 750 lx (M = 166.54), and between 200 lx (M = 219.85) and 1500 lx (M = 180.17) were found. The results showed that the 750 lx provided the shortest search time.
對於主要效果，顏色和環境照明是主要因素。結果表明，當參與者看到圖表時，顏色 （M = 178.35） 明顯短於灰度 （M = 199.35）。主要原因可能是顏色有利於識別。但是，灰度圖表需要更多時間來識別。因此，以彩色顯示的圖表可以縮短搜索時間。結果還表明，環境光照會開啟是一個重要因素。根據LSD 測試，發現 200 lx （M = 219.85） 和 750 lx （M = 166.54） 之間以及 200 lx （M = 219.85） 和 1500 lx （M = 180.17） 之間存在顯著差異。結果表明，750 lx 提供了最短的搜索時間。

3.1.2. PANAS

 As shown in Table 1, color (F = 23.94, p < 0.001) and ambient illumination (F = 35.05, p < 0.001) were the significant factors in PANAS. The results found that color (M = 6.57) brought positive emotion when viewing the charts, while grayscale (M = − 1.16) evoked negative emotion. The LSD results showed that significant differences between 200 lx (M = − 6.23) and 750 lx (M = 5.85), and between 200 lx (M = − 6.23) and 1500 lx (M = 8.50) were found. The participants also reported that they had negative emotion under 200 lx. With the increased ambient illumination, participants had positive emotion under 750 lx and 1500 lx.
如表 1 所示，顏色 （F = 23.94，p < 0.001） 和環境照明 （F = 35.05，p < 0.001） 是 PANAS 的顯著因素。結果發現，在查看圖表時，顏色 （M = 6.57） 會帶來積極的情緒，而灰度 （M = − 1.16） 會引起消極的情緒。LSD 結果顯示，200 lx （M = − 6.23） 和 750 lx （M = 5.85） 之間以及 200 lx （M = − 6.23） 和 1500 lx （M = 8.50） 之間存在顯著差異。參與者還報告說，他們的負面情緒低於 200 lx。隨著環境照度的增加，參與者在750 lx和1500 lx下具有積極的情緒。

3.2. Texts
3.2.文字

 According to the ANOVA results for texts in Table 1, color, ambient illumination, and the interaction between color and ambient illumination were significant on search time, accuracy, and PANAS, respectively. The following subsections described the results and discussion according to the dependent variables.
根據表 1 中文本的方差分析結果，顏色、環境照明以及顏色和環境照明之間的交互作用分別對搜索時間、準確性和 PANAS 具有顯著意義。以下小節根據因變數描述了結果和討論。

3.2.1. Search time
3.2.1. 搜尋時間

 As shown in Table 1, color (F = 267.29, p < 0.001) and ambient illumination (F = 42.46, p < 0.001), and the interaction between color and ambient illumination (F = 24.49, p < 0.001) was the significant factors. For the interaction, as shown in Fig. 2, it was found that all experimental combinations in which highlighted texts were displayed in color had shorter search time than those in grayscale. It can be seen that displaying highlighted texts in color enhances reading effectiveness. In addition, the results also showed that the search performance was the best at 1500 lx regardless of color (M = 94.40) or grayscale (M = 140.24).
如表 1 所示，顏色 （F = 267.29， p < 0.001） 和環境照明 （F = 42.46， p < 0.001） 以及顏色與環境照明之間的相互作用 （F = 24.49， p < 0.001） 是顯著因素。對於交互，如圖 2 所示，發現所有以彩色顯示突出顯示文字的實驗組合的搜索時間都比灰度文本短。可以看出，以彩色顯示突出顯示的文本可以提高閱讀效率。此外，結果還顯示，無論顏色 （M = 94.40） 或灰度 （M = 140.24） 如何，搜索性能在 1500 lx 時都是最好的。

 For the main effect, the results also showed that color and ambient illumination were the significant factors. The search time was significantly shorter in color (M = 100.07) than in grayscale (M = 167.12) when participants searched for highlighted texts. Ambient illumination was also a significant factor, and the LSD results showed that significant differences between 200 lx (M = 141.80) and 1500 lx (M = 118.76), and between 750 lx (M = 140.22) and 1500 lx (M = 118.76) were found. It is shown that the participants searched for the highlighted texts in a shorter time at 1500 lx than at 200 lx and 750 lx. Therefore, the participant would have a better reading experience if the highlighted text is searched at 1500 lx.
對於主要效應，結果還表明顏色和環境照明是重要的因素。當參與者搜索突出顯示的文本時，彩色搜索時間 （M = 100.07） 明顯短於灰度搜索時間 （M = 167.12）。環境照度也是一個重要因素，LSD 結果顯示，200 lx （M = 141.80） 和 1500 lx （M = 118.76） 之間以及 750 lx （M = 140.22） 和 1500 lx （M = 118.76） 之間存在顯著差異。結果表明，參與者在 1500 lx 下搜索突出顯示的文字的時間比在 200 lx 和 750 lx 下搜尋的時間短。因此，如果以 1500 lx 搜索突出顯示的文字，參與者將獲得更好的閱讀體驗。

3.2.2. Accuracy
3.2.2. 準確性

 The results in Table 1 showed that color (F = 286.32, p < 0.001), ambient illumination (F = 31.74, p < 0.001), and the interaction between color and ambient illumination (F = 6.09, p < 0.01) significantly affected the accuracy of the text. As shown in Fig. 3, it has been observed that the accuracy was promoted from grayscale to color under different illumination levels. For texts, the best accuracy for color displays (M = 93.33) and grayscale displays (M = 60.67) was found under 1500 lx. Therefore, the best performance is obtained by searching for highlighted texts at 1500 lx.
表 1 中的結果表明，顏色 （F = 286.32， p < 0.001）、環境照明 （F = 31.74， p < 0.001） 以及補間顏色和環境照明的交互作用 （F = 6.09， p < 0.01） 顯著影響了文本的準確性。如圖 3 所示，已經觀察到，在不同照明水準下，精度從灰度提升到彩色。對於文本，彩色顯示 （M = 93.33） 和灰度顯示 （M = 60.67） 的最佳精度在 1500 lx 以下。因此，通過以 1500 lx 搜索高亮顯示的文字可以獲得最佳性能。

 For the main effect, color was also significant on accuracy, while accuracy was significantly higher when highlighted texts were displayed in color (M = 87.67) in grayscale (M = 42.00). The reason may be that most highlighted texts are distinguished more by color than by gray scale. Therefore, the effect of color-highlighted texts gives the participant better accuracy. In addition, ambient illumination was also a significant factor, and the LSD results showed that significant differences were found between 200 lx (M = 51.50), 750 lx (M = 66.00), and 1500 lx (M = 77.00). In summary, it was found that the participant’s accuracy was higher in finding highlighted texts under 1500 lx than under 200 lx and 750 lx.
對於主要效應，顏色對準確性也有顯著影響，而當高亮文本以灰度 （M = 42.00） 的彩色 （M = 87.67） 顯示時，準確性明顯更高。原因可能是大多數高亮顯示的文本更多地通過顏色而不是灰度來區分。因此，顏色高亮文本的效果使參與者pant 具有更好的準確性。此外，環境照度也是一個重要因素，LSD 結果表明，在 200 lx （M = 51.50）、750 lx （M = 66.00） 和 1500 lx （M = 77.00） 之間發現了顯著差異。總之，發現參與者在查找 1500 lx 以下的突出顯示文本的準確性高於 200 lx和 750 lx 以下的文字。

3.2.3. PANAS
3.2.3. 帕納斯

 Table 1 indicated that color (F = 6.36, p < 0.05), ambient illumination (F = 4.58, p < 0.05), and the interaction between color and ambient illumination (F = 17.02, p < 0.001) were the significant factors. For the interaction, as shown in Fig. 4, the result indicated that color displays brought better emotional perception than grayscale displays under different illumination levels. For the main effect, color was a significant factor, and participants had positive emotional perception when the highlighted texts were presented in color (M = 10.18) but negative in grayscale (M = − 9.64). Thus, it is clear that color affects participant’s emotion in texts. Therefore, it is recommended to use color displays for emotional expression. In addition, ambient illumination was also a significant factor. The LSD results showed that significant differences were found between 200 lx (M = − 7.17) and 750 lx (M = 3.17), and between 200 lx (M = − 7.17) and 1500 (M = 4.80). The participants also reported having more positive emotion under higher illumination levels.
表 1 表明顏色 （F = 6.36， p < 0.05）、環境照明國家 （F = 4.58， p < 0.05） 以及顏色與環境照明之間的相互作用 （F = 17.02， p < 0.001） 是顯著因素。對於交互，如圖 4 所示，結果表明，在不同照明水準下，彩色顯示器比灰度顯示器帶來更好的情感感知。對於主要效果，顏色是一個重要因素，當突出顯示的文本以彩色 （M = 10.18） 呈現但在灰度中為負數 （M = − 9.64） 時，參與者具有積極的情緒感知。因此，很明顯，顏色會影響文本中參與者的情緒。因此，建議使用彩色顯示器來表達情感。此外，環境照明也是一個重要因素。LSD 結果顯示，在 200 lx （M = − 7.17） 和 750 lx （M = 3.17） 之間以及 200 lx （M = − 7.17） 和 1500 （M = 4.80） 之間發現顯著差異。參與者還報告說，在較高的照明水準下，他們有更積極的情緒。

3.3. Charts with texts (comics)
3.3. 帶文字的圖表（漫畫）

 According to the ANOVA results for comics in Table 1, color was significant on accuracy and PANAS. Ambient illumination significantly affected search time and PANAS. The interaction between color and ambient illumination significantly differed on search time and accuracy. The following subsections described the results and discussion according to the dependent variables.
根據表 1 中漫畫的方差分析結果，顏色對準確性和 PANAS 有顯著影響。環境照明顯著影響搜索時間和 PANAS。顏色和環境照明之間的交互在搜索時間和準確性方面存在顯著差異。以下小節根據因變數描述了結果和討論。

3.3.1. Search time
3.3.1. 搜尋時間

 The results of Table 1 showed that ambient illumination (F = 40.80, p < 0.001) and the interaction between color and ambient illumination (F = 4.25, p < 0.05) were the significant factors. For the interaction, as shown in Fig. 5, it can be seen that the shortest search time was found on 1500 lx regardless of grayscale (M = 308.10) and color (M = 306.20) displays. The possible reason is that the visual search is faster when the ambient illumination is sufficient, reducing the search time. Ambient illumination was also a significant factor, and the LSD results demonstrated that significant differences were found between 200 lx (M = 346.50), 750 lx (M = 369.21), and 1500 lx (M = 307.82). The participant’s search time in reading the comic at 1500 lx was significantly better than that at 200 lx and 750 lx.
表 1 的結果表明，環境照明 （F = 40.80， p < 0.001） 和顏色與環境照明之間的相互作用 （F = 4.25， p < 0.05） 是顯著因素。對於交互，如圖 5 所示，可以看出，無論灰度 （M = 308.10） 和彩色 （M = 306.20） 顯示器如何，在 1500 lx 上都能找到最短的搜索時間。可能的原因是，當環境照明充足時，視覺搜索速度會更快，從而減少搜索時間。環境照明也是一個重要的因素，LSD 結果顯示200 lx （M = 346.50）、750 lx （M = 369.21） 和 1500 lx （M = 307.82） 之間存在顯著差異。參與者在 1500 lx 下閱讀漫畫的搜索時間明顯優於 200 lx 和 750 lx 時。

3.3.2. Accuracy
3.3.2. 準確性

 Table 1 indicated that color (F = 44.62, p < 0.001) and the inter action between color and ambient illumination (F = 11.33, p < 0.001) were the significant factors. For the interaction, as shown in Fig. 6, the result showed that displaying in grayscale (M = 91.33) at 1500 lx resulted in higher accuracy when reading comics. Conversely, color comics had better accuracy at other illumination levels than grayscale ones. The possible reason may be that 1500 lx provides sufficient illumination for reading, especially for color comics. For the main effect, color was also significant on accuracy and the results indicated that accuracy was significantly higher in color (M = 94.00) than in grayscale (M = 85.11).
表 1 表明顏色 （F = 44.62， p < 0.001） 和顏色與環境照明之間的相互作用 （F = 11.33， p < 0.001） 是顯著因素。對於交互，如圖 6 所示，結果表明在 1500 lx 下以灰度 （M = 91.33） 顯示會導致閱讀漫畫時的準確性更高。相反，彩色漫畫在其他照明級別上比灰度漫畫具有更好的準確性。可能的原因可能是 1500 lx 為閱讀提供了足夠的插圖，尤其是對於彩色漫畫。對於主要效應，顏色對準確性也有顯著影響，結果表明顏色的準確性 （M = 94.00） 明顯高於灰度的準確性 （M = 85.11）。

3.3.3. PANAS

 Table 1 indicated that color (F = 19.04, p < 0.001) and ambient illumination (F = 42.22, p < 0.001) were the significant factors. In addition, color displays (M = 10.73) had more positive emotions than grayscale displays (M = 4.84), probably because color brought a more positive visual experience for participants. Ambient illumination was also significant in PANAS, and the LSD results showed that significant differences were found between 200 lx (M = − 1.45), 750 lx (M = 11.67), and 1500 lx (M = 13.15).
表 1 表明顏色 （F = 19.04， p < 0.001） 和環境照明 （F = 42.22， p < 0.001） 是顯著因素。此外，彩色顯示器 （M = 10.73） 比灰度顯示器 （M = 4.84） 具有更積極的情緒，這可能是因為彩色為參與者帶來了更積極的視覺體驗。環境照明在 PANAS 中也很重要，LSD 結果表明，在 200 lx （M = − 1.45）、750 lx （M = 11.67） 和 1500 lx （M = 13.15） 之間發現顯著差異。

3.4. The summary of the interactions between color and ambient illumination
3.4. 顏色和環境照明之間相互作用的總結

 For the interaction between color and ambient illumination in search time for charts (see Fig. 1), color displays perform far better than grayscale displays at 200 lx. However, under 750 lx and 1500 lx, gray scale displays outperform color displays. For text in search time (see Fig. 2), color displays generally perform better than grayscale displays for all illumination levels. For comics in search time (see Fig. 5), color displays perform better at 200 lx, consistent with the charts’ results. The results of interactions in accuracy were the opposite of the results in search time. For text (see Fig. 3), the results indicated that color displays perform better than grayscale displays, which was in accord with the results for comics (see Fig. 6), except for the 1500 lx. Finally, for the interaction of PANAS for texts (see Fig. 4), the results indicated that color displays brought positive emotion under 750 lx above.
對於圖表搜索時間中顏色和環境照明之間的交互（參見圖 1），彩色顯示器的性能遠優於 200 lx 的灰度顯示器。但是，在 750 lx 和 1500 lx 下，灰度顯示器的性能優於彩色顯示器。對於搜索時間中的文本（參見圖 2），在所有照明級別下，彩色顯示通常比灰度顯示性能更好。對於搜索時間的漫畫（參見圖 5），彩色顯示器在 200 lx 時表現更好，與圖表的結果一致。accur acy 中的交互結果與搜索時間的 re sults 相反。對於文本（見圖 3），結果表明彩色顯示器的性能優於灰度顯示器，這與漫畫的結果一致（見圖 6），但 1500 lx 除外。最後，對於 PANAS 對文本的交互（見圖 4），結果表明彩色顯示在 750 lx 以上帶來積極情緒。