马王堆

Hello, everyone. There always seem to be endless talks about the Mawangdui Han Tombs since there are so many wonderful legends and touching stories.
大家好。关于马王堆汉墓的讨论似乎总是无休止，因为有这么多精彩的传说和感人的故事。

The Han Tombs are located in the east suburb of Changsha City. in The Annals of Changsha County , the tombs were connected with Ma Yin, , which might be the burial ground of King Ma and his sons, hence the name "Mawangdui". However, through the later excavation and further archaeological research from 1972 to 1974, we discovered that Mawangdui was actually the burial ground of an early Western Han Dynasty Marquis Dai's family, Meanwhile, more than 3,000 precious cultural relics and a well-preserved female corpse were unearthed here.
汉墓位于长沙市东郊。在《长沙县志》中，这些陵墓与马寅有关，可能是马王父子的墓地，因此得名“马王堆”。然而，通过后来的发掘和1972年至1974年的进一步考古研究，我们发现马王堆实际上是西汉初戴侯爵家族的墓地，同时，这里出土了3000多件珍贵文物和一具保存完好的女尸。

Next let's walk into Marquis Dai’s home to pursue the magic and glory of Chinese civilization over 2000 years ago!
接下来，让我们走进戴侯爵的故居，追寻 2000 多年前中华文明的神奇与荣光吧！

The lacquer wares unearthed from the three Han tombs of Mawangdui are unprecedented in their large number or the well-preserved condition, or their exquiste craft.such as the moire lacquer tripod, the moiré lacquer tray, the moire lacquer cup box, the oblong embossed lacquer cap box and the needle-carved lacquer cosmetic box. Look, this is a two-tiered color-painted lacquer cosmetic box with nine smaller boxes. It is just like the multi-layer cosmetic box that girls use today.
马王堆三汉墓出土的漆器数量之多、保存完好、工艺精湛等，如云纹漆三脚架、云纹漆盘、云纹漆杯盒、长方形浮雕漆帽盒、针雕漆化妆盒等，都是前所未有的。看，这是一个两层的彩绘漆化妆品盒，有九个小盒子。它就像今天女孩子使用的多层化妆品盒一样。

China is recognized as the cradle of silk. The two white-yarn gowns excavated from Tomb No.1 really amaze us. The white-yarn is the undyed yarn and a gown is a dress without liner. These two dresses weigh only 48 and 49 grams respectively,.They are really as light as the smoke, and as thin as a cicada wing. So far the white-yarn gowns are the oldest and best-preserved as well as the most refined dresses existing in the world. At the same time, they are also among the thinnest clothes. People at that time wore such light and thin gowns on the bright and beautiful silk cotton-padded robes, displaying a dim beauty.
中国是公认的丝绸摇篮。从 1 号墓出土的两件白纱长袍真的让我们惊叹不已。白纱是未染色的纱线，礼服是没有衬里的连衣裙。这两件衣服的重量分别只有 48 克和 49 克。它们真的像烟雾一样轻，像蝉翅膀一样薄。迄今为止，白纱礼服是世界上现存最古老、保存最完好、最精致的礼服。同时，它们也是最薄的衣服之一。当时的人们在鲜艳优美的丝绸棉袍上穿着如此轻盈单薄的长袍，展现出一种暗淡的美感。

About 120,000 words of silk books were also unearthed from Tomb No. 3. This piece of silk book Divining Five Planets reveals the astronomical observation and it is the oldest astronomical works existing in the world. Up to now this piece of silk book Fifty-two Prescriptions is the earliest and most complete ancient medical book that records the detailed medical treatment involving medicine and surgery.
从 3 号墓中还出土了大约 120,000 字的绢书。这本绢书《占卜五颗行星》揭示了天文观测，是世界上现存最古老的天文著作。到目前为止，这本绢书《五十二方》是最早、最完整的古代医学书籍，记录了涉及内医和外科的详细医疗治疗。

Among the silk paintings unearthed from the Han tombs at Mawangdui, this T-shape silk painting is the most eye-catching one. According to archaeological research, in funeral rites, it was used to guiding the spirit to heaven, much like a funeral streamer.
在马王堆汉墓出土的绢画中，这幅T字形绢画是最引人注目的一幅。根据考古研究，在葬礼仪式中，它被用来引导灵魂到天堂，很像葬礼飘带。

The whole painting is over 205 centimeters long and can be artistically divided into three parts the heaven world, the human world and the nether world. Look, over the top section of the painting is a god with man’s head and snake’s body, which resembles the images of gods such as Nv Wa, Fu Xi and Zhu Long in the myth. On the right , there is a black bird in the middle of the biggest sun, which was called Jinwu in ancient times. In fact, it was the observation result of the sunspot by ancient people. On the left is a picture about the moon,there is a toad and a jade hare.The human world takes the aureole as the roof and it describes an outing scene of the Marchioness and her two alchemists presenting their elixir to her.
整幅画长 205 厘米多，在艺术上可以分为三个部分：天界、人界和阴间。看，画的顶部是一个人头蛇身的神，类似于神话中 Nv Wa、Fu 习 和 Zhu Long 等神的形象。右边，最大的太阳中间有一只黑色的鸟，在古代被称为金武。其实，这是古人对太阳黑子的观测结果。左边是一幅关于月亮的图片，有一只蟾蜍和一只玉兔。人类世界以光环为屋顶，它描述了侯爵夫人和她的两位炼金术士向她展示长生不老药的郊游场景。

The painting below may be the scene of mourning after the Marchioness’ death. In the nether world,god-Gun is supporting the flat earth with his hands and his feet pressing down on two huge legendary turtles. This is a life masterpiece of perfect unity, integrating myth, imagination and real life. Every part of it reflects the ancient conception of heaven and desire for immortality.
下面的画可能是侯爵夫人去世后哀悼的场景。在阴间，神枪正用双手和双脚压在两只巨大的传说中的上，支撑着平坦的地球。这是一部完美统一的人生杰作，融合了神话、想象和现实生活。它的每一部分都反映了古老的天堂概念和对不朽的渴望。

The female corpse now you see was unearthed from Tomb No. 1, which is more than 2100 years old. She was the wife of Li Cang, the first marquis and prime minister of Changsha State during the early Western Han Dynasty, and her name was Xin Zhui. When excavated, she was about 1.54 meters tall, weighed 34.3 kilograms, and had type A blood.
你现在看到的女尸是从 1 号墓中出土的，已有 2100 多年的历史。她是西汉初期长沙州第一侯兼丞相李仓的妻子，名叫辛醉。挖掘时，她身高约 1.54 米，体重 34.3 公斤，患有 A 型血。

As we can see, her head, neck, trunk and limbs all maintain their intact forms. When unearthed, her skin was wet and covered her whole body. It was fawn and felt greasy. But the corpse now you see has stretched-out eyeballs, opening mouth, protruding tongue and prolapsed rectum, which are the early signs of corpse decay. But owing to the excellent sealing of Tomb No.1, this decay ceased shortly after the corpse was buried. It is very rare in the world corpse preserving records that this female corpse should have been saved so long and so well.
正如我们所看到的，她的头部、颈部、躯干和四肢都保持了完整的形态。出土时，她的皮肤湿漉漉的，覆盖了她的全身。它是小鹿，感觉很油腻。但是你现在看到的尸体已经伸长了眼球，张开了嘴巴，伸出了舌头，直肠脱垂，这些都是尸体腐烂的早期迹象。但由于 1 号墓的密封性极好，这种腐烂在尸体下葬后不久就停止了。在世界尸体保存记录中，这具女尸应该保存这么久，保存得这么好，这是非常罕见的。

It is obviously different from dried mummies and waxed adipocere. It is also different from peat-panned cadavers which are easily broken due to the skeleton softening from calcium loss. So it has been internationally accepted that in the corpse classification, such wet corpses as the one unearthed from Mawangdui should be named Mawangdui Corpses, which are characterized by long preservation time, elastic tissues and presence of internal organs.
它与干木乃伊和打蜡脂肪明显不同。它也不同于泥炭盘状的尸体，后者由于钙流失导致骨骼软化而容易破裂。因此，在尸体分类中，像马王堆出土的湿尸体，应命名为马王堆尸体，其特点是保存时间长、组织有弹性、有内脏。

Archaeologists found 138 sweet melon seeds in the esophagus and stomach of the corpse, indicating that she died in the melon season. According to pathological examination, she suffered from various diseases, such as coronary heart disease, atherosclerosis, multiple gallstones and also infected by pinworms and whipworms. After the anatomy on the body, it is concluded that Marchioness Xin Zhui suffered acute attacks of biliary colic after eating melon, which was most likely to have caused her sudden death from acute myocardial ischemia, and she died at about 50.
考古学家在尸体的食道和胃中发现了 138 颗甜瓜子，表明她死于瓜季。根据病理检查，她患有冠心病、动脉粥样硬化、多发性胆结石等多种疾病，还感染了蛲虫和鞭虫。经过对尸体的解剖，得出结论，侯爵内斯辛醉在吃了瓜后出现急性胆绞痛发作，这极有可能是导致她急性心肌缺血猝死的原因，她在 50 岁左右去世。

OK, that’s all for my explanation, thank you!
好，这就是我的解释，谢谢！