综合英语Ⅳ-U校园题库

（Unit2 Unit 5 Unit 6）
（第 2 单元 第 5 单元 第 6 单元）

词汇

Unit 2
单元 2

1. Scientists __________ think that people were mentally inactive during sleep, but now they realize that all night long our brain actually does a lot of work that’s key for our health.
1. 科学家__________认为人们在睡眠期间精神上不活跃，但现在他们意识到，我们的大脑整晚都在做很多对我们的健康至关重要的工作。

A: are used to
A：都习惯了

B: were using to
B：正在使用

C: used to
C：用于

D: use to
D：用于

2. In his acceptance speech, the award winner expressed his deep __________ to many individuals and organizations who have supported his acting career.
2. 在获奖感言中，获奖者对许多支持他演艺事业的个人和组织表达了深深的__________。

A: gratitude
A：感恩

B: gravity
B：重力

C: latitude
C：纬度

D: positivity
D：积极性

3. He was so happy that the new job was not a routine and __________ one, but gave him lots of room for creativity and growth.
3. 他很高兴新工作不是例行公事__________，而是给了他很大的创造力和成长空间。

A: luminous
A：发光

B: monotonous
B：单调

C: prosperous
C：繁荣

D: generous
D：大方

4. The United Nations World Assembly on Aging has forecast a much older population on a global scale than now, with many more people __________ beyond 80 by the year 2050.
4. 联合国世界老龄化大会预测，全球人口将比现在老龄化得多，到 2050 年，80 岁以上__________人数将大大增加。

A: are living
A：都在生活

B: will live
B：将活着

C: living
C：生活

D: lived
D：已故

5. An internship program benefits both parties: The student gains work experience, and __________ the company gets to know a prospective employee better.
5. 实习计划对双方都有利：学生获得工作经验，__________公司更好地了解潜在员工。

A: contested
A：有争议

B: conversely
B：相反

C: conflicting
C：冲突

D: contently
D：满意

6. Jack and I were riding in the back of a long black car, insulated from the heat and dust as it followed an empty road through a __________ desert landscape.
6. 杰克和我坐在一辆长长的黑色汽车的后座上，当它沿着一条空旷的道路穿过__________沙漠景观时，它与热量和灰尘隔绝。

A: radiant
A： 辐射

B: robust
B：坚固

C: bound
C：绑定

D: barren
D：贫瘠

7. He had great talent, and no one was surprised that he later won a national film award for __________ design and art direction.
7. 他才华横溢，后来获得国家电影奖__________设计和艺术指导奖，没有人感到惊讶。

A: costume
A：服装

B: triumph
B：凯旋

C: compass
C：指南针

D: trifle
D：琐事

8. We have made good progress in implementing our energy-saving plan, though __________ we have a long way to go before achieving our final goal.
8. 我们在实施节能计划方面取得了良好的进展，尽管__________实现最终目标还有很长的路要走。

A: suspiciously
A：可疑

B: enormously
B：非常

C: consequently
C：因此

D: admittedly
D：当然

9. In our schools, cultivation of core moral values such as integrity, honesty and responsibility is __________ into every aspect of students’ education.
9. 在我们的学校，正直、诚实和责任等核心道德价值观的培养__________到学生教育的方方面面。

A: interviewed
A：接受采访

B: interwoven
B：交织

C: interacted
C：已交互

D: interfered
D：受干扰

10. We walked for five hours nonstop in the forest, which made us so __________ that we collapsed on the couch as soon as we arrived back home.
10. 我们在森林里不停地走了五个小时，这让我们非常__________，以至于我们一回到家就瘫倒在沙发上。

A: solitary
A：单独

B: honorary
B：荣誉

C: weary
C：疲惫

D: compulsory
D：必修

11. As a photographer, your personal __________ judgment helps you determine how you will depict the subject and whether your image is acceptable.
11. 作为一名摄影师，您的个人__________判断可帮助您确定您将如何描绘主题以及您的图像是否可以接受。

A: esthetic
A：美学

B: economic
B：经济

C: domestic
C：国内

D: dynamic
D：动态

12. For a long time, to be a singer was the last thing on his mind, and it was only after he graduated from college __________ he took up singing.
12. 很长一段时间，成为一名歌手是他心目中的最后一件事，直到大学毕业后__________他才开始唱歌。

A: which
A：哪个

B: there
B：有

C: that
C：那个

D: how
D：如何

13. The concert to be presented on the coming Saturday will feature __________ of Beethoven and other German composers.
13. 将于下周六举行的音乐会将演奏贝多芬和其他德国作曲家的__________作品。

A: substitutes
A：替补

B: symphonies
B：交响曲

C: substances
C：物质

D: symptoms
D：症状

14. To play sports is __________ winning or losing, rather, it is __________ doing your best and building character.
14. 参加体育运动__________输赢，而是__________尽力而为并塑造品格。

A: not on … on
A： 没有...上

B: about … not about
B：关于......不是关于

C: on … not on
C：开 ...未开启

D: not about … about
D：不是关于......大约

15. Back then, economists worried that a collapse of the property market could __________ economic recovery by rocking stock markets and sinking consumer confidence.
15. 当年，经济学家担心房地产市场崩盘会震荡股市和打击消费者信心，从而__________经济复苏。

A: hamper
A：礼篮

B: generate
B：生成

C: register
C：注册

D: elaborate
D：详尽

16. Many people don’t like change because they think it is hard to deal with the unknown, but __________ is that change is a necessary part of life if we want to grow and improve.
16. 许多人不喜欢变化，因为他们认为很难应对未知，但__________的是，如果我们想成长和改进，变化是生活中必不可少的一部分。

A: the truth
A： 真相

B: the choice
B：选择

C: truth
C：真

D: a choice
D：选择

17. These gas transmission lines were mostly installed in the last century, which means that many pipes may have started to __________ and require urgent replacement.
17. 这些输气管线大多是在上个世纪安装的，这意味着许多管道可能已经开始__________，需要紧急更换。

A: collide
A：碰撞

B: conflict
B：冲突

C: corrode
C：腐蚀

D: convert
D：转换

18. I would like someone to invent a rain-sensitive windshield wiper, __________, a computerized wiper that would know how fast to go according to how hard it was raining.
18. 我希望有人发明一种对雨敏感的挡风玻璃雨刷器，__________，一种计算机化的雨刷器，它会根据雨的强度知道走多快。

A: in no way
答：绝不会

B: in other words
B：换句话说

C: in another way
C：以另一种方式

D: in no word
D：没有字

19. Growing up, my sister and I were very different: She was super __________ and adventurous, whereas I was rather shy and cautious.
19. 在成长过程中，我和姐姐非常不同：她超级__________和喜欢冒险，而我则相当害羞和谨慎。

A: outstanding
A：杰出

B: compelling
B：引人注目

C: corresponding
C：对应

D: outgoing
D：出境

20. Looking at this 18th-century telescope, they couldn’t help but admire the amazing __________, sophistication and beauty of its design and mechanism.
20. 看着这架 18 世纪的望远镜，他们不禁赞叹其设计和机械装置的惊人__________、精致和美丽。

A: intricacy
A：复杂性

B: mentality
B：心态

C: tendency
C：趋势

D: eternity
D：永恒

21. A key point that should be __________ in all population and development planning is the provision of, and access to, adequate and efficient social services.
21. 在所有人口和发展规划中应__________的一个关键点是提供和获得充足和有效的社会服务。

A: underestimated
A：被低估了

B: undertaken
B：已承担

C: undermined
C：被破坏

D: underscored
D：下划线

22. The company’s long-term power contract, signed before electricity prices went up, is __________ expire, and it says it cannot pay the new rate offered by suppliers.
22. 该公司在电价上涨之前签署的长期电力合同__________到期，该公司表示无法支付供应商提供的新费率。

A: up to
A： 最多

B: down to
B：低至

C: about to
C：即将

D: out to
D：出到

23. As we got to the top of the mountain, a __________ valley came into view, with colorful red rocks and tall trees blending together over the river.
23. 当我们到达山顶时，一个__________的山谷映入眼帘，五颜六色的红色岩石和高大的树木在河上融为一体。

A: climatic
A： 气候

B: metallic
B：金属

C: cosmetic
C：化妆品

D: majestic
D：雄伟

24. It was a miracle that he recovered from his severe wound because doctors had believed the injury was __________, and he would thus have no chance of survival.
24. 他能从重伤中恢复过来，真是个奇迹，因为医生认为伤势__________，因此他没有生存的机会。

A: mobile
A：移动端

B: mortal
B：致命

C: mature
C：成熟

D: marginal
D：边缘

U2词汇答案：1-5CABCB 6-10DADBC 11-15ACBDA 16-20ACBDA 21-24DCDB
U2 词汇答案：1-5CABCB 6-10DADBC 11-15ACBDA 16-20ACBDA 21-24DCDB

Unit 5
单元 5

25. Participation in science and engineering projects in middle school __________ his keen interest in math and science and eventually led to his success as a space physicist.
25. 中学时参加科学和工程项目__________他对数学和科学的浓厚兴趣，并最终使他成为一名成功的空间物理学家。

A: ignored
A：忽略

B: ignited
B：点燃

C: inflicted
C：造成

D: infected
D：感染

26. Prefabricated homes, which are gaining popularity in the U.S. over the past few years, are structures built in __________ in a factory prior to being assembled on the home’s site.
26. 预制房屋在过去几年中在美国越来越受欢迎，它们是在工厂__________建造的结构，然后在房屋现场组装。

A: modes
A：模式

B: margins
B：边距

C: modules
C：模块

D: mergers
D：合并

27. The book has benefited from a much improved layout, a more __________ use of headings, updated illustrations and a more refined color palette.
27. 本书的布局得到了很大改进，标题的使用更加__________，插图的更新和调色板更加精致。

A: judicious
A： 明智

B: judicial
B：司法

C: justified
C：对齐

D: judiciary
D：司法机构

28. Organizers of the exhibition expressed their gratitude to Irma and Paul Jackson, who were generous and enthusiastic __________ of the museum.
28. 展览组织者对 Irma 和 Paul Jackson 表示感谢，他们慷慨而热情地__________博物馆。

A: descendants
A：后代

B: patriots
B：爱国者

C: defendants
C：被告

D: patrons
D：顾客

29. He knew that he was bound to give testimony honestly when he appeared in court as a witness and swore a(n) __________ to tell the truth.
29. 他知道，当他作为证人出庭并发誓__________说出真相时，他必须诚实地作证。

A: wrath
A： 愤怒

B: warranty
B：保修

C: oath
C：誓言

D: penalty
D：罚分

30. We read the schedule wrong and arrived at the museum too early, so we had no choice but __________ around for a while until it opened.
30. 我们看错了时间表，到博物馆太早了，所以我们别无选择，只好__________了一段时间，直到它开放。

A: wandered
A：流浪

B: wander
B：徘徊

C: wandering
C：徘徊

D: to wander
D：徘徊

31. She finished the __________ of her book before the deadline, so she decided to treat herself to a few days at a beach resort in Florida.
31. 她在截止日期前完成了这本书的__________，所以她决定在佛罗里达州的一个海滩度假胜地犒劳自己几天。

A: manipulation
A：手法

B: manuscript
B：手稿

C: maturity
C：maturity

D: mastery
D：精通

32. Although some Western holidays originated in religious traditions, their celebrations are becoming more __________ in modern times.
32. 虽然一些西方节日起源于宗教传统，但他们的庆祝活动在现代变得越来越__________。

A: secular
A：长期

B: circular
B：圆形

C: familiar
C：熟悉

D: peculiar
D：奇特

33. Over the past few decades, the city has increased funding for the restoration, conservation and protection of its historical and cultural __________.
33. 在过去的几十年里，该市增加了用于恢复、保存和保护其历史和文化__________的资金。

A: leverage
A：杠杆

B: shortage
B：短缺

C: heritage
C：遗产

D: coverage
D：覆盖率

34. Data from cancer research projects suggests that common cancers can be treated effectively if __________ at an early stage.
34. 癌症研究项目的数据表明，如果在早期__________，可以有效地治疗常见癌症。

A: dictated
A：口述

B: derived
B：派生

C: disguised
C：伪装

D: diagnosed
D：诊断

35. Eric was at first __________ that his train was canceled at such short notice, but he became less upset after learning that he could get on the next one in just half an hour.
35. Eric 起初__________他的火车在这么短的时间内被取消了，但在得知他可以在短短半小时内赶上下一班火车后，他就不那么沮丧了。

A: tolerant
A：宽容

B: indignant
B：愤慨

C: observant
C：观察者

D: dominant
D：优势

36. The second part of the zoo attracts visitors the most because there is a large __________ that contains a range of unique animals.
36. 动物园的第二部分最吸引游客，因为有一个包含一系列独特动物的大__________。

A: enclosure
A：外壳

B: venture
B：风险投资

C: texture
C：质地

D: procedure
D：程序

37. Regular physical exercise is essential for normal __________ development in children and adolescents, and for maintaining high bone density in young adults.
37. 定期体育锻炼对于儿童和青少年的正常__________发育以及保持年轻人的高骨密度至关重要。

A: symptom
A：症状

B: substance
B：物质

C: skeleton
C：骨架

D: spectacle
D：显示

38. The City Museum is presenting a series of exhibitions that __________ the 60-year history of the city’s fashion industry to reflect its role as a major trend-setter.
38. 城市博物馆将举办一系列展览，__________香港时装业 60 年的历史，以反映其作为主要潮流引领者的角色。

A: cultivates
A：培养

B: complies
B：符合

C: campaigns
C：广告系列

D: chronicles
D：编年史

39. As a teacher, there are few things he enjoys __________ helping his students grow and watching their joy when they succeed.
39. 作为一名教师，他喜欢的事情很少__________帮助他的学生成长并看着他们成功时的喜悦。

A: much than
A： 远不止

B: more than
B：超过

C: except than
C：除了

D: besides than
D：除了

40. This year’s international import expo drew nearly 3,000 enterprises from 127 countries and regions, with $70 billion worth of __________ deals reached.
40. 今年的国际进口博览会吸引了来自 127 个国家和地区的近 3,000 家企业，达成了价值 700 亿美元的__________交易。

A: respective
A： 各自

B: imperative
B：祈使

C: alternative
C：替代

D: tentative
D：尝试

41. The researchers studied more than 40 __________ in museum collections, including some that are nearly 4,000 years old, in order to map the pigeon's genome.
41. 研究人员研究了博物馆藏品中的 40 多只__________，其中包括一些近 4,000 年的历史，以便绘制鸽子的基因组图谱。

A: spectrums
A：光谱

B: compartments
B：隔间

C: specimens
C： 标本

D: compliments
D：赞美

42. A report by an Illinois organization __________ the plans for the construction project, saying that the company sacrifices the environment for corporate profits.
42. 伊利诺伊州一家组织__________建设项目计划的一份报告称，该公司为了公司利润而牺牲了环境。

A: deports
A：驱逐出境

B: deduces
B：推演

C: denotes
C： 表示

D: denounces
D：谴责

43. When you go fishing in the U.S., you generally need to carry a fishing license; otherwise, you could end up being __________, even if you are fishing on privately owned land.
43. 在美国钓鱼时，一般需要携带钓鱼许可证;否则，即使您在私有土地上钓鱼，您最终也可能成为__________。

A: distributed
A：分布式

B: prosecuted
B：被起诉

C: substituted
C：替代

D: constituted
D：构成

44. The cost of 3D printers has dropped drastically, and experts in the technology sector speculate that it's just a __________ of years before one could buy a 3D printer for under $100.
44. 3D 打印机的成本急剧下降，技术领域的专家推测，人们只需__________几年后才能以低于 100 美元的价格购买一台 3D 打印机。

A: matter
A：物质

B: particle
B：粒子

C: scheme
C：方案

D: thing
D：东西

45. Friends and strangers sent letters of __________ to the family of the great movie star when they heard about his sudden death.
45. 朋友和陌生人听说这位伟大电影明星突然去世后，纷纷向他的家人致__________信。

A: prominence
A：突出

B: innocence
B：纯真

C: subsistence
C：生存

D: condolence
D：吊唁

46. Artists from all over the world paid __________ to the great composer, whose pioneering work influenced many musicians and cultural styles.
46. 来自世界各地的艺术家向这位伟大的作曲家__________敬意，他的开创性作品影响了许多音乐家和文化风格。

A: excess
A：超额

B: tribute
B：致敬

C: access
C：访问

D: attribute
D：属性

47. Economists predict that the new transportation network will provide a strong __________ for economic growth in the region.
47. 经济学家预测，新的交通网络将为该地区的经济增长提供强大的__________。

A: motion
A：运动

B: impetus
B：推动力

C: monitor
C：监视器

D: impact
D：影响

48. The animal rights organization is committed to protecting wild animals from harm and creating a more __________ world for farm animals.
48. 动物权利组织致力于保护野生动物免受伤害，为农场动物创造一个更加__________的世界。

A: humane
A：人道的

B: humanist
B：人文主义

C: hybrid
C：混合

D: humble
D：谦逊

U5词汇答案：25-30BCADCD 31-35BACDB 36-40ACDBD 41-45CDBADA46-50BBA
U5 词汇答案：25-30BCADCD 31-35BACDB 36-40ACDBD 41-45CDBADA46-50BBA

Unit 6
第 6 单元

49. Like many other industries, airlines are also facing the challenges of record-high fuel prices, a tight labor market, and __________ pressures.
49. 与许多其他行业一样，航空公司也面临着创纪录的燃油价格、紧张的劳动力市场和__________压力等挑战。

A: reactionary
A：反动

B: inflationary
B：通货膨胀

C: disciplinary
C：纪律

D: preliminary
D：初步

50. Not only was the island a main fruit and vegetable __________ market, but it was also a place from which gardeners bought seeds and gardening tools.
50. 该岛不仅是主要的水果和蔬菜__________市场，也是园丁购买种子和园艺工具的地方。

A: substantial
A： 实质性

B: profitable
B：盈利

C: managerial
C：管理型

D: wholesale
D：批发

51. While cooking, we should keep the exhaust fans on to __________ different types of gases that can be emitted.
51. 烹饪时，我们应该保持排气扇开着，以__________可能排放的不同类型的气体。

A: diffuse
A：漫射

B: denote
B：表示

C: disclose
C：披露

D: discern
D：辨别

52. Many of these mobile devices use public Wi-Fi hotspots, so it’s no surprise that the connection can be __________ or frustratingly slow.
52. 这些移动设备中的许多都使用公共 Wi-Fi 热点，因此连接速度可能__________或慢得令人沮丧也就不足为奇了。

A: successive
A：连续

B: incidental
B：附带

C: intermittent
C：间歇性

D: periodical
D：定期

53. The two pictures represent the man’s __________ identity, one as an organic farmer and chicken caretaker, and the other as a popular fashion icon.
53. 这两张照片代表了这个男人__________身份，一张是有机农民和养鸡人，另一张是流行的时尚偶像。

A: dual
A：双

B: decent
B：体面

C: dire
C：说

D: drastic
D：剧烈

54. To win today, companies must be powered by people who have the _________ to see how the world around them is impacting their business and shift quickly to keep up with the times.
54. 为了在今天获胜，公司必须由有_________了解周围世界如何影响其业务并迅速转变以跟上时代的人提供支持。

A: sentiment
A：情绪

B: foresight
B：远见

C: conviction
C：定罪

D: momentum
D：动量

55. One lunar day is the length of time it takes the moon to complete a full rotation on its ________, and is equivalent to approximately 28 days on Earth.
55. 一个阴历日是月球在________上完成一整圈所需的时间，相当于在地球上大约 28 天。

A: axis
A：轴

B: arena
B：竞技场

C: array
C：数组

D: angle
D：角度

56. With this video, I want to share with you how to make strawberry cakes with a(n) _________ that is easy to follow for all.
56. 通过这个视频，我想与您分享如何用 a（n） _________制作草莓蛋糕，这很容易让所有人都明白。

A: ingredient
A： 成分

B: compound
B：化合物

C: substance
C：物质

D: recipe
D：配方

57. A short _________ cannot fully convey the power and delicacy of the poem, so we strongly suggest you read the whole piece in the upcoming newsletter.
57. 短_________并不能完全传达这首诗的力量和细腻，因此我们强烈建议您在即将发布的时事通讯中阅读整篇文章。

A: bulletin
A： 公告

B: pamphlet
B：小册子

C: excerpt
C：摘录

D: signpost
D：路标

58. By following these instructions step by step, you will find that fixing a split _________ of the mattress is one of the easiest mending jobs.
58. 通过逐步按照这些说明进行作，您会发现修复床垫的裂_________是最简单的修补工作之一。

A: flaw
A：缺陷

B: leak
B：泄漏

C: seam
C：接缝

D: clip
D：夹子

59. The _________ of a graveyard more than a thousand years old uncovered tombs of powerful warriors dressed in gold.
59. _________一千多年历史的墓地中，发现了身穿黄金衣服的强大战士的坟墓。

A: excavation
A：挖掘

B: exception
B：异常

C: exploitation
C：开发

D: exposition
D： 展览

60. Daisy brushed a _________ of hair away from her face, hoping that she didn’t look too tired before the roomful of guests.
60. 黛西拂去脸上的一_________头发，希望她在满屋子的客人面前不会显得太累。

A: slip
A：滑

B: lump
B：肿块

C: pile
C：桩

D: wisp
D：wisp

61. A robot is a(n) _________ usually in the form of a human being that performs the mechanical functions of humans in a way.
61. 机器人是 a（n） _________通常以人类的形式出现，它以某种方式执行人类的机械功能。

A: duplicate
A：复制

B: apparatus
B：仪器

C: infrastructure
C：基础设施

D: transistor
D：晶体管

62. The method that the company used to create its ________ was to patent its products, preventing other firms from making similar products.
62. 该公司用于创建其________的方法是为其产品申请专利，以防止其他公司生产类似的产品。

A: modernity
A： 现代性

B: mythology
B：神话

C: monopoly
C：垄断

D: mechanism
D：机制

63. There is a growing ________ among ecologists and resource management specialists that biodiversity cannot be conserved through protected areas alone.
63. 生态学家和资源管理专家越来越________，即仅通过保护区不能保护生物多样性。

A: consultancy
A： 咨询

B: consensus
B：共识

C: confirmation
C：确认

D: convention
D：约定

64. Government ________ for massive writing projects during that period resulted in a tremendous production of great works that we are still enjoying today.
64. 在此期间，政府对大型写作项目的________导致了大量伟大的作品的创作，我们今天仍然在欣赏这些作品。

A: subsidies
A：补贴

B: expenses
B：费用

C: pensions
C：养老金

D: estimates
D：估计

65. A bird flu pandemic could kill anywhere from 5 to 150 million people worldwide. The large ________ between the low and high end of the estimate reflects the tremendous difference that preparation could make in facing a global pandemic.
65. 禽流感大流行可能造成全球 5 到 1.5 亿人死亡。估计值的低端和高端之间的巨大________反映了在面对全球大流行病时，准备工作可能会产生的巨大差异。

A: balance
A：余额

B: turnout
B：投票率

C: correlation
C：相关性

D: discrepancy
D：差异

66. In order to convince potential investors that your business plan is ________, you should be able to prove that there is a market for the products or services you are offering.
66. 为了让潜在投资者相信您的商业计划是________的，您应该能够证明您提供的产品或服务有市场。

A: volatile
A：易失性

B: sizable
B：相当大的

C: viable
C：可行

D: soluble
D：可溶性

67. More and more evidence points to the close relationship between obesity and modern ________ lifestyles characterized by abundant food and increasingly sedentary habits.
67. 越来越多的证据表明，肥胖与现代________生活方式之间存在密切关系，现代生活方式的特点是丰富的食物和日益久坐的习惯。

A: affluent
A： 富裕

B: coherent
B：相干

C: intricate
C：错综复杂

D: versatile
D：多才多艺

68. Stored rainwater is a good ________ in times of emergencies such as during periods of extreme drought and in some areas where water supplies may not be dependable.
68. 在紧急情况下，例如在极端干旱时期和一些供水可能不可靠的地区，储存雨水是一种很好的________。

A: incentive
A：激励

B: standby
B：待机

C: perspective
C：透视

D: standpoint
D：立场

69. The biggest mistake some home-buyers can make is thinking short-term. They may forget to ________ the need for another bedroom if their family grows larger.
69. 一些购房者可能犯的最大错误是短期思考。如果他们的家庭规模变大，他们可能会忘记________另一间卧室的需求。

A: point to
A：指向

B: hinge on
B：铰链

C: account for
C：占

D: factor in
D：因素

70. Lewis had given people a lot of pleasure in his long and _________ career as a successful actor, director and occasional writer.
70. 刘易斯在他漫长而_________的职业生涯中，作为一名成功的演员、导演和偶尔的作家，给人们带来了很多乐趣。

A: underlying
A：标的

B: glittering
B：闪闪发光

C: upcoming
C：即将上映

D: promising
D：有前途

71. In everyday life, people often attempt to _________ questions when they are not prepared with a good answer to what was asked.
71. 在日常生活中，人们经常试图_________问题，因为他们没有准备好对所问的问题有一个好的答案。

A: hinge
A：铰链

B: dodge
B：减淡

C: surge
C：浪涌

D: gauge
D：轨距

72. In the last two decades, two million men and women have joined the ranks of industrial producers, ________ the size of the area’s industrial economy.
72. 在过去的二十年里，有 200 万男性和女性加入了工业生产者的行列，________该地区的工业经济规模。

A: tripled
A：三倍

B: to triple
B：到三倍

C: tripling
C：三倍

D: to have tripled
D：增加三倍

U6参考答案：
U6 参考答案：

49-50 BD

51-55ACABA
51-55完成

56-60DCCAD
56-60 加元

61-65BCBAD
61-65BC 巴德

66-70CABDB
66-70 核酸检测仪

71-72CC
71-72 毫升

长篇阅读

Unit 2
单元 2

长篇阅读1

Scott Adams’ secret of success: failure
斯科特·亚当斯 （Scott Adams） 的成功秘诀：失败

A) If you’re already as successful as you want to be, both personally and professionally, congratulations! Here’s the not-so-good news: All you are likely to get from this article is a semi-entertaining tale about a guy who failed his way to success. But you might also notice some familiar patterns in my story that will give you confirmation (or confirmation bias) that your own success wasn’t entirely luck.
A） 如果您已经取得了个人和职业方面的成功，那么恭喜您！这是一个不太好的消息：你可能从这篇文章中得到的只是一个半娱乐的故事，讲述了一个成功之路失败的人。但你可能也会注意到我的故事中一些熟悉的模式，这些模式会让你确认（或确认偏见）你自己的成功并不完全是运气。

B) If you’re just starting your journey toward success – however you define it – or you’re wondering what you’ve been doing wrong until now, you might find some novel ideas here. Maybe the combination of what you know plus what I think I know will be enough to keep you out of the woodchipper.
B） 如果你刚刚开始你的成功之旅——无论你如何定义它——或者你想知道到目前为止你做错了什么，你可能会在这里找到一些新奇的想法。也许你所知道的加上我认为我知道的结合起来，就足以让你远离碎木机。

C) Let me start with some tips on what not to do. Beware of advice about successful people and their methods. For example, you often hear them say that you should “follow your passion.” That sounds perfectly reasonable the first time you hear it. Passion will presumably give you high energy, high resistance to rejection and high determination. Passionate people are more persuasive, too. Those are all good things, right?
C） 让我先说一些关于不该做什么的小贴士。当心有关成功人士及其方法的建议。例如，您经常听到他们说您应该 “追随你的激情”。乍一听这听起来非常合理。激情大概会给你带来高能量、高抗拒能力和高决心。充满激情的人也更有说服力。这些都是好事，对吧？

D) Here’s the counterargument: When I was a commercial loan officer for a large bank, my boss taught us that you should never make a loan to someone who is following his passion. For example, you don’t want to give money to a sports enthusiast who is starting a sports store to pursue his passion for all things sporty. That guy is a bad bet, passion and all. He’s in business for the wrong reason. My boss, who had been a commercial lender for over 30 years, said that the best loan customer is someone who has no passion whatsoever, just a desire to work hard at something that looks good on a spreadsheet (电子数据表). Maybe the loan customer wants to start a dry-cleaning store or invest in a fast-food franchise (专卖权，特许经营权) – boring stuff. That’s the person you bet on. You want the grinder, not the guy who loves his job.
D） 反驳是这样的：当我在一家大型银行担任商业信贷员时，我的老板告诉我们，你永远不应该向追随他激情的人贷款。例如，您不想把钱给一个正在开一家体育用品店追求他对所有运动事物的热情的运动爱好者。那家伙是个糟糕的赌注，激情等等。他做生意的理由不对。我的老板做了 30 多年的商业贷款人，他说最好的贷款客户是没有任何热情的人，只是渴望在电子表格（电子表格）上看起来不错的事情上努力工作。也许贷款客户想开一家干洗店或投资一家快餐特许经营店（专卖权，特许经营权）——这些东西很无聊。那就是你押注的人。你想要的是磨床，而不是热爱他工作的人。

E) For most people, it’s easy to be passionate about things that are working out, and that distorts our impression of the importance of passion. Objectively, my passion level moved with my success. Success caused passion more than passion caused success. So forget about passion. And while you're at it, forget about goals, too.
E） 对大多数人来说，很容易对正在发生的事情充满热情，这扭曲了我们对激情重要性的印象。客观地说，我的热情水平随着我的成功而变化。成功更能带来激情，而不是激情能带来成功。所以忘掉激情吧。当你这样做时，也要忘记目标。

F) Just after college, I took my first airplane trip, destination California, in search of a job. I was seated next to a businessman who was probably in his early 60s. I suppose I looked like an odd duck with my serious demeanor, bad haircut and cheap suit, clearly out of my element. I asked what he did for a living, and he told me he was the CEO of a company that made screws. He offered me some career advice. He said that every time he got a new job, he immediately started looking for a better one. For him, job seeking was not something one did when necessary. It was a continuing process. This makes perfect sense if you do the math. Chances are that the best job for you won’t become available at precisely the time you declare yourself ready. Your best bet, he explained, was to always be looking for a better deal. The better deal has its own schedule. I believe the way he explained it is that your job is not your job; your job is to find a better job.
F） 大学刚毕业，我就开始了我的第一次飞机旅行，目的地加利福尼亚，找工作。我坐在一位商人旁边，他大概 60 岁出头。我想我看起来像一只奇怪的鸭子，举止严肃，发型糟糕，西装便宜，显然不符合我的本能。我问他以什么为生，他告诉我，他是一家制造螺丝的公司的首席执行官。他给了我一些职业建议。他说，每次他找到新工作，他都会立即开始寻找更好的工作。对他来说，找工作不是在必要时做的事情。这是一个持续的过程。如果你算一算，这是非常有意义的。最适合您的工作很可能不会在您宣布自己准备好的时候出现。他解释说，最好的办法是始终寻找更好的交易。更好的交易有自己的时间表。我相信他的解释是，你的工作不是你的工作;你的工作是找到一份更好的工作。

G) This was my first exposure to the idea that one should have a system instead of a goal. The system was to continually look for better options. Throughout my career I’ve had my antennae up, looking for examples of people who use systems as opposed to goals. In most cases, as far as I can tell, the people who use systems do better. The systems-driven people have found a way to look at the familiar in new and more useful ways.
G） 这是我第一次接触到一个人应该有一个系统而不是一个目标的想法。该系统是不断寻找更好的选择。在我的整个职业生涯中，我一直在努力寻找使用系统而不是目标的人的例子。在大多数情况下，据我所知，使用系统的人做得更好。系统驱动型人员找到了一种方法，以新的、更有用的方式看待熟悉的事物。

H) To put it bluntly, goals are for losers. That’s literally true most of the time. For example, if your goal is to lose 10 pounds, you will spend every moment until you reach the goal – if you reach it at all – feeling as if you were short of your goal. In other words, goal-oriented people exist in a state of nearly continuous failure that they hope will be temporary. If you achieve your goal, you celebrate and feel terrific, but only until you realize that you just lost the thing that gave you purpose and direction. Your options are to feel empty and useless, perhaps enjoying the spoils of your success until they bore you, or to set new goals and re-enter the cycle of permanent pre-success failure.
H） 坦率地说，目标是给失败者的。大多数时候都是如此。例如，如果你的目标是减掉 10 磅，你会花每一刻直到你达到目标——如果你真的达到了——感觉好像你没有达到你的目标。换句话说，以目标为导向的人生活在一种几乎持续的失败状态中，他们希望这种失败是暂时的。如果你实现了你的目标，你会庆祝并感觉很棒，但前提是你意识到你刚刚失去了给你目标和方向的东西。你的选择是感到空虚和无用，也许享受成功的战利品，直到它们让你感到厌烦，或者设定新的目标并重新进入永久成功前失败的循环。

I) As for my own system, when I graduated from college, I outlined my entrepreneurial plan. The idea was to create something the public wants and reproduce it in large quantities. My system nearly guaranteed a string of failures. By design, all of my efforts were long shots. Had I been goal-oriented instead of system-oriented, I imagine I would have given up after the first several failures. It would have felt like banging my head against a brick wall. But being system-oriented, I felt myself growing more capable every day, no matter the fate of the project that I happened to be working on. And every day during those years I woke up with the same thought, literally, as I rubbed the sleep from my eyes and slapped the alarm clock off.
I） 至于我自己的系统，当我大学毕业时，我概述了我的创业计划。我们的想法是创造公众想要的东西并大量复制它。我的系统几乎肯定会出现一连串的失败。根据设计，我所有的努力都是微不足道的。如果我以目标为导向而不是以系统为导向，我想我会在前几次失败后放弃。感觉就像我的头撞到砖墙上。但是，由于以系统为导向，我觉得自己每天都在变得更有能力，无论我碰巧从事的项目命运如何。在那些年里，我每天醒来时都带着同样的想法醒来，真的，当我擦去睡意，关掉闹钟时。

Today’s the day.
今天就是这一天。

J) If you drill down on any success story, you always discover that luck was a huge part of it. You can’t control luck, but you can move from a game with bad odds to one with better odds. You can make it easier for luck to find you. The most useful thing you can do is stay in the game. If your current get-rich project fails, take what you learned and try something else. Keep repeating until something lucky happens. The universe has plenty of luck to go around; you just need to keep your hand raised until it’s your turn. It helps to see failure as a road and not a wall. I’m an optimist by nature, or perhaps by upbringing – it’s hard to know where one leaves off and the other begins – but whatever the cause, I’ve long seen failure as a tool, not an outcome. I believe that viewing the world in that way can be useful for you too.
J） 如果你深入研究任何成功的故事，你总是会发现运气是其中很大一部分。你无法控制运气，但你可以从赔率不佳的游戏转变为赔率较高的游戏。你可以让运气更容易找到你。你能做的最有用的事情就是留在游戏中。如果你当前的致富项目失败了，那就把你学到的东西拿来尝试其他东西。不断重复，直到幸运的事情发生。宇宙有很多运气可以走;你只需要举起你的手，直到轮到你。将失败视为一条道路而不是一堵墙会有所帮助。我天生就是一个乐观主义者，或者也许是教养的乐观主义者——很难知道一个人从哪里结束，另一个从哪里开始——但不管是什么原因，我一直将失败视为一种工具，而不是结果。我相信以这种方式看待世界对您也有用。

K) Nietzsche famously said, “What doesn’t kill us makes us stronger.” Becoming stronger is obviously a good thing, but it’s only barely optimistic. I do want my failures to make me stronger, of course, but I also want to become smarter, more talented, better networked, healthier and more energized. If I find a cow turd (粪块) on my front steps, I’m not satisfied knowing that I’ll be mentally prepared to find some future cow turd. I want to shovel that turd onto my garden and hope the cow returns every week, so I never have to buy fertilizer again. Failure is a resource that can be managed.
K） 尼采有句名言：“不会杀死我们的东西会让我们更强大。变得更强大显然是一件好事，但这只是勉强乐观。当然，我确实希望我的失败让我变得更强大，但我也想变得更聪明、更有才华、更善于建立人际关系、更健康、更有活力。如果我在门口的台阶上发现一个牛粪块（粪块），我不会满足，因为我知道我会做好寻找未来牛粪的心理准备。我想把那些粪便铲到我的花园里，希望奶牛每周都回来，这样我就不必再买肥料了。失败是可以管理的资源。

L) As for you, I’d like to think that reading this will set you on the path of your own magnificent screw-ups (一团糟) and cavernous (大而深的) disappointments. You’re welcome! And if I forgot to mention it earlier, that’s exactly where you want to be: steeped to your eyebrows in failure. It’s a good place to be because failure is where success likes to hide in plain sight. Everything you want out of life is in that huge, bubbling vat (大桶) of failure. The trick is to get the good stuff out.
L） 至于你，我想读到这篇文章会让你走上你自己的宏伟的搞砸 （一团糟） 和海绵状 （大而深的） 失望的道路。别客气！如果我之前忘了提到它，那正是你想去的地方：沉浸在失败中。这是一个好地方，因为失败是成功喜欢隐藏在众目睽睽之下的地方。你想从生活中得到的一切都在那个巨大的、冒泡的失败大桶（大桶）中。诀窍是把好东西拿出来。

1. According to my boss, the best loan is the one taken out to a customer who has no passion at all.________
1. 根据我的老板的说法，最好的贷款是给对 all.________没有热情的客户的贷款

2. I hope that I can take advantage of failure so as to become stronger, smarter and more talented.________
2. 我希望自己能利用失败的机会，变得更强、更聪明、更 talented.________

3. During my first flight, I learned from a businessman that one’s job is to seek a better job.________
3. 在我第一次飞行时，我从一位商人那里学到，一个人的工作是寻找更好的 job.________

4. Passion may do a lot of good, such as giving people high determination.________
4. 激情可能会做很多好事，比如给人高 determination.________

5. After graduating from college, being system-oriented made me become more and more capable.________
5. 大学毕业后，系统导向让我越来越 capable.________

6. Learn to get everything possible out of failure.________
6. 学会充分利用 failure.________

7. My experience will offer new ideas for those who are just starting on their way to success.________
7. 我的经历将为那些刚刚开始 success.________的人提供新的想法

8. It is advised that one should forget about both passion and goals if one wants to achieve success.________
8. 建议如果一个人想实现激情和目标，就应该忘记激情和目标 success.________

9. See failure as a road or a tool, and success and luck will find you.________
9. 将失败视为一条道路或工具，成功和运气会找到 you.________

Goal-oriented people almost always live in a state of failure.________
以目标为导向的人几乎总是生活在一种 failure.________的状态中

长篇阅读2

Love tips for self-improvement
爱心小贴士 自我提升

A) Is your love life feeling more dim than sparkling lately? The issues could lie within yourself! From rage issues to privacy problems, everybody needs a tune-up sometimes. Check out eight tips from Jennifer Angel herself for improving your thoughts, fears, and problems to discover a better you!
A） 你的爱情生活最近是不是感觉更黯淡而不是闪闪发光？问题可能出在你自己身上！从愤怒问题到隐私问题，每个人有时都需要调整。查看 Jennifer Angel 本人的八个技巧，以改善您的想法、恐惧和问题，从而发现更好的自己！

Dealing with rejection
应对拒绝

B) Rejection might lead you to believe that you are unwanted, unworthy or not valuable. When this happens, you can lose your self-confidence and want to crawl into your cave until you feel strong once again. No matter how you react, no matter who you are, being rejected hurts. However, it is not all bad news as rejection can move you into a time of reflection where you think through new perspectives, which result in inner growth. It can be a helpful process as it allows you to learn about yourself. Stay positive, keep your sense of humor, and rejection will wash over you. With a different outlook and attitude, you can arm yourself with the tools to deal with rejection and continue living, loving and learning.
B） 拒绝可能会让你相信你不受欢迎、不值得或不有价值。发生这种情况时，您可能会失去自信并想爬进洞穴，直到您再次感到坚强。无论你如何反应，无论你是谁，被拒绝都会很痛苦。然而，这并不全是坏消息，因为拒绝会让你进入一个反思的时期，在那里你会通过新的视角思考，从而导致内在的成长。这可能是一个有用的过程，因为它可以让您了解自己。保持积极，保持幽默感，拒绝会淹没你。凭借不同的观点和态度，您可以用应对拒绝并继续生活、爱和学习的工具武装自己。

Don’t let anger get out of control
不要让愤怒失控

C) Temper tantrums (发脾气，耍性子) can cause real damage between you and your loved ones, damage that can be irreversible. And, apart from hurting those you love, you are also letting the toxins (毒素) of anger build up in your body, hurting yourself. It is not healthy to hold a grudge. If you have things in your life you feel angry about, let it go, and get on with living a healthy and loving existence. As difficult as it may be to see the good in a situation that you feel adversely about, if you look hard enough, you can generally find a silver lining. The first step to anger recovery is to recognize that you have an anger problem, and then to be proactive (积极主动的) about getting help.
C） 发脾气（发脾气，耍性子）会在你和你所爱的人之间造成真正的伤害，这种伤害可能是不可逆转的。而且，除了伤害你所爱的人，你还让愤怒的毒素（毒素）在你的身体里积累，伤害你自己。怀恨在心是不健康的。如果你的生活中有让你感到生气的事情，那就放手吧，继续过一个健康和有爱的生活。尽管在你感觉不利的情况下看到好的一面可能很困难，但如果你足够努力地寻找，你通常可以找到一线希望。愤怒恢复的第一步是认识到你有愤怒问题，然后积极主动地寻求帮助。

Forgiveness starts with you!
宽恕从你开始！

D) Gratitude and thankfulness are contagious, and it’s the start of practicing forgiveness, which first of all starts with you. A powerful way to bring love, joy and abundance on all levels into your life is to practice being appreciative. It doesn’t get any simpler.
D） 感恩和感恩是会传染的，这是练习宽恕的开始，首先要从你开始。将各个层面的爱、快乐和丰盛带入您的生活的一种有效方法是练习感恩。没有比这更简单的了。

E) Being thankful for the things you have in your life sets up a vibration of attracting more of what you want. Instead of searching for things you don’t have, focus on being happy with what you already do have. Buy a journal, and every day write down the things you have in your life to be thankful for. Once you form a habit of doing this, the experience of having an attitude of gratitude provides you with a happier and more loving day-to-day life.
E） 对你生活中所拥有的事物心存感激，会形成一种吸引更多你想要的东西的振动。与其寻找你没有的东西，不如专注于对你已经拥有的东西感到满意。买一本日记，每天写下你生活中值得感恩的事情。一旦你养成了这样做的习惯，拥有感恩态度的体验就会为你提供更快乐、更有爱的日常生活。

When is giving too much, too much?
什么时候付出太多，太多？

F) Every relationship needs a certain amount of compromise, but when is it too much? 1. Be prepared to give and take at some level. We are all individuals, and no one is exactly the same—even twins. 2. Be careful not to give past the point where you are comfortable. If you go past this point, then over time you will end up resenting the other person. 3. Weigh up the give and take in your relationship, and assess if it is even or not; there needs to be equality at some level, but it doesn’t have to be one-for-one. For instance, maybe one of you provides more financial support and the other provides more organization around the home, or is more nurturing in some way. 4. If you feel you are always the person to reach out and give, and your partner does nothing, this could be true, or you may not be giving them credit for what they do give. Make a list of the positive and negative traits and actions of your partner to get in touch with what the real situation is. 5. There needs to be a balance that you are both happy with, and this can be different for both parties.
F） 每段关系都需要一定程度的妥协，但什么时候是太多的呢？1. 准备好在某种程度上给予和接受。我们都是个体，没有人是完全相同的，即使是双胞胎。2. 小心不要超过你觉得舒服的程度。如果你超过了这一点，那么随着时间的推移，你最终会怨恨对方。3. 权衡你们关系中的让步，并评估它是否均匀;在某种程度上需要平等，但不一定是一对一的。例如，也许你们中的一个人提供更多的经济支持，而另一个人在家庭周围提供更多的组织，或者在某种程度上更有教养。4. 如果你觉得你总是那个伸出援手和给予的人，而你的伴侣什么都不做，这可能是真的，或者你可能没有为他们所付出的东西给予赞扬。列出你的伴侣的积极和消极的特质和行为，以了解真实情况。5. 需要有一个你们双方都满意的平衡，这对双方来说可能是不同的。

G) Start talking, because if one of you feels your partnership is out of balance, it will not fix itself!
G） 开始交谈，因为如果你们中的一个人觉得你们的伙伴关系失去了平衡，它不会自行修复！

Say it with feeling
感慨地说出来

H) Some people need to constantly hear the words, ‘I Love You’ – and why not? If you love someone then what’s so hard about telling them each and every day. But when you’ve been together for a while, those three little words can become habitual and be said without the feeling of the words put behind them. Instead of uttering the words in a hurry as you rush out the door or finish a phone conversation, stop to be present with your partner and if you are face to face look into the other’s eyes and speak directly to their face. In other words, “say it with feeling”!
H） 有些人需要经常听到“我爱你”这句话——为什么不呢？如果你爱一个人，那么每天告诉他们有什么难的。但是当你在一起一段时间后，这三个小词可能会成为习惯，并在没有被抛弃的文字的感觉的情况下被说出来。当你冲出门或完成电话交谈时，与其匆忙说出这些话，不如停下来和你的伴侣在一起，如果你面对面，请看着对方的眼睛，直接对着他们的脸说话。换句话说，“带着感情说出来”！

Actions speak louder than words
事实胜于雄辩

I) Not everyone is good at communicating with words, and in fact, because of some people’s upbringing they can find it difficult to be affectionate with words, and to display personal affection like hugging, kissing and handholding. That doesn’t mean they don’t love you, it may be they are not comfortable with expressing their love verbally or in a tactile (触觉的) way.
I） 不是每个人都擅长用语言进行交流，事实上，由于有些人的成长经历，他们会发现很难用语言表达深情，也很难表达像拥抱、亲吻和牵手这样的个人感情。这并不意味着他们不爱你，可能是他们不习惯用口头或触觉（触觉的）方式表达他们的爱。

J) There is more than one way to communicate, and some people are very good at showing others how they feel by their actions. If you know someone who is not good at expressing their feelings then watch what they do. It might just be that they are showing you their love in all sorts of other ways rather than voicing those three little words – ‘I Love You’.
J） 沟通的方式不止一种，有些人非常擅长通过自己的行动向别人展示他们的感受。如果你认识一个不擅长表达感情的人，那么看看他们怎么做。可能只是他们以各种其他方式向你表达他们的爱，而不是说出那三个小字——“我爱你”。

How important is it to be right?
正确有多重要？

K) It may be nice to have the last word and feel you are right, but what cost do you pay for a self-righteous attitude? Often people will say that they are always the one to extend the olive branch and smooth things over. If this is you, then maybe you are the one who is better at communicating and who knows how to break the silence and bring things back into an open playing ground so you can discuss the issue and move forward. It really doesn’t matter who is right or wrong, or who reaches out first – what’s important is that someone does, and as far as the question of who is right or wrong, remember, you are not going to agree with everyone 100 percent of the time, so be prepared to agree to disagree occasionally.
K） 拥有最后的决定权并觉得你是对的，这可能很好，但你为自以为是的态度付出什么代价呢？人们经常会说，他们总是伸出橄榄枝并抚平事情的人。如果这是你，那么也许你是更擅长沟通的人，他知道如何打破沉默，让事情回到一个开放的竞争环境中，这样你就可以讨论问题并向前发展。谁对谁错，谁先伸出援手并不重要——重要的是有人这样做，至于谁对谁错的问题，请记住，你不可能 100% 同意每个人，所以要准备好偶尔同意。

L) Focus on building resolutions skills, keep the big picture in focus at all times and learn how to live, love, forgive and forget, moving past misunderstandings or altercations (争辩，争吵).
L） 专注于建立决心技能，始终关注大局，学习如何生活、爱、原谅和忘记，克服误解或争吵（争辩、争吵）。

I’m honest, but I’m also private
我很诚实，但我也很私密

M) Honesty in a relationship is important. You want to feel you can trust your partner’s word and know that he is not keeping crucial secrets from you.
M） 在一段关系中诚实很重要。你想觉得你可以相信你伴侣的话，并知道他没有对你隐瞒重要的秘密。

N) Be careful of becoming possessive, because particularly in the early stage of a relationship, you or your partner may not want to divulge (泄露，透露) all the details of your whole life. Some people are very private and don’t feel comfortable with telling their life story right up front. Relationships develop over time, and how long it takes for each person to open up and reveal more of themselves is entirely up to them and how comfortable they feel. Let a relationship take its natural course and don’t be too quick to rush to the next phase. Getting to know each other is one of the most exciting and interesting stages of a union, enjoy the journey!
N） 小心不要变得占有欲强，因为尤其是在一段关系的早期阶段，你或你的伴侣可能不想泄露（泄露，透露）你整个生活的所有细节。有些人非常注重隐私，不愿意提前讲述他们的人生故事。人际关系会随着时间的推移而发展，每个人需要多长时间才能敞开心扉并更多地展示自己，这完全取决于他们以及他们感觉有多舒服。让一段关系顺其自然，不要太急于进入下一阶段。相互了解是工会最令人兴奋和有趣的阶段之一，享受旅程吧！

1. Start talking with each other and you can correct any possible imbalances in your relationship.________
1. 开始互相交谈，您可以纠正 relationship.________ 中任何可能的不平衡

2. It is advisable to let go of what makes you angry and to try to live a healthy life full of love.________
2. 建议放下让你生气的事情，尝试过一个充满 love.________的健康生活

3. Giving and taking in a relationship should be equal to some extent, but it does not follow that you and your partner contribute equally in every aspect of life.________
3. 在一段关系中，付出和接受在某种程度上应该是相等的，但这并不意味着你和你的伴侣在 life.________的各个方面都做出了平等的贡献

4. It is suggested that you should not be too possessive about your partner especially in the early stage of a relationship.________
4. 建议你不要对你的伴侣太占有欲，尤其是在 relationship.________的早期阶段

5. Partners are supposed to say “I Love You” to each other face to face rather than in a hurry.________
5. 伴侣应该面对面地对对方说“我爱你”，而不是在 hurry.________里说

6. A good way to practice forgiveness is to practice being thankful, which is easy to do.________
6. 练习宽恕的一个好方法是练习感恩，这很容易 do.________

7. Instead of saying “I love you”, some people choose to express their feelings through their actions.________
7. 有些人没有说“我爱你”，而是选择通过 actions.________来表达自己的感情

8. One can take advantage of rejection as an opportunity for self-reflection, and to learn about and improve oneself.________
8. 一个人可以利用被拒绝作为自我反省的机会，并了解和改进 oneself.________

9. If you get used to being thankful for what you have every day, you will be happier and enjoy a more loving life.________
9. 如果你习惯了对每天所拥有的心存感激，你会更快乐，享受更充满爱 life.________

10. Give up your self-righteous attitude and learn to agree to disagree once in a while.________
10. 放弃自以为是的态度，学会 while.________一次同意不同意

Unit 5
单元 5

长篇阅读 3

A New Gauge to See What’s beyond Happiness
了解幸福之外是什么的新标准

A) Is happiness overrated? Dr. Seligman now thinks so, which may seem like an odd position for the founder of the positive psychology movement. Seligman was a professor of psychology at the University of Pennsylvania, as well as the president of the American Psychological Association in the late 1990s. He criticized his colleagues for focusing relentlessly on mental illness and other problems and prodded them to study life’s joys, and wrote a best seller in 2002 titled “Authentic Happiness”.
A） 幸福感被高估了吗？塞利格曼博士现在这么认为，对于积极心理学运动的创始人来说，这似乎是一个奇怪的立场。塞利格曼是宾夕法尼亚大学的心理学教授，也是 1990 年代后期美国心理学会的主席。他批评同事们无情地关注精神疾病和其他问题，并鼓励他们研究生活中的乐趣，并在 2002 年写了一本名为《真实的幸福》的畅销书。

B) But now he regrets that title. As the investigation of happiness proceeded, Dr. Seligman began seeing certain limitations to the concept. Why did couples go on having children even though the data clearly showed that parents were less happy than childless couples? Why did billionaires desperately seek more money even when there was nothing they wanted to do with it? And why did some people keep joylessly playing the game of bridge? Dr. Seligman, a keen player himself, kept noticing them at tournaments. They never smiled, not even when they won. They didn’t play to make money or to make friends.
B） 但现在他后悔了那个头衔。随着对幸福的研究进行，塞利格曼博士开始看到这个概念的某些局限性。为什么夫妻继续生孩子，即使数据清楚地表明父母不如没有孩子的夫妇快乐？为什么亿万富翁们拼命寻求更多的钱，即使他们什么都不想用呢？为什么有些人一直无趣地玩桥牌游戏呢？塞利格曼博士本人也是一位热衷于棋手的人，他在比赛中一直注意到他们。他们从来没有笑过，即使他们赢了。他们玩游戏不是为了赚钱或交朋友。

C) They didn’t enjoy that feeling of total engagement in a task that psychologists call “flow”. They didn’t take aesthetic satisfaction in playing a hand cleverly and “winning pretty.” They were quite willing to win ugly, sometimes even when that meant cheating. “They wanted to win for its own sake, even if it brought no positive emotion,” says Dr. Seligman. “They were like hedge fund managers who just want to accumulate money and toys for their own sake. Watching them play, seeing them cheat, it kept hitting me that accomplishment is a human desiderata (迫切需要得到之物) in itself.”
C） 他们不喜欢那种完全投入到心理学家称之为 “心流” 的任务中的感觉。他们并没有从巧妙地玩一手牌和 “漂亮地赢得” 中获得审美上的满足。他们非常愿意赢得丑陋的胜利，有时即使这意味着作弊。“他们想为了胜利而赢，即使它不会带来任何积极的情绪，”Seligman 博士说。“他们就像对冲基金经理，只想为了自己而积累金钱和玩具。看着他们玩耍，看着他们作弊，我一直觉得成就本身就是人类的 desiderata（迫切需要得到之物）。

D) This feeling of accomplishment contributes to what the ancient Greeks called eudaimonia, which roughly translates to “well-being” or “flourishing”, a concept that Dr. Seligman has borrowed for the title of his new book, Flourish. He has also created his own acronym, PERMA, for what he defines as the five crucial elements of well-being, each pursued for its own sake: positive emotion, engagement (the feeling of being lost in a task), relationships, meaning and accomplishment. “Well-being cannot exist just in your own head,” he writes. “Well-being is a combination of feeling good as well as actually having meaning, good relationships and accomplishment.”
D） 这种成就感促成了古希腊人所说的 eudaimonia，大致翻译为“幸福”或“繁荣”，塞利格曼博士在他的新书《繁荣》的标题中借用了这个概念。他还创造了自己的首字母缩略词 PERMA，他将其定义为幸福的五个关键要素，每个要素都为自己而追求：积极的情绪、参与度（在任务中迷失的感觉）、人际关系、意义和成就感。“幸福不能只存在于你自己的脑海中，”他写道。“幸福感是感觉良好与实际有意义、良好的人际关系和成就感的结合。”

E) The positive psychology movement has inspired efforts around the world to survey people’s state of mind, like a new project in Britain to measure what David Cameron, the former prime minister, calls “GWB”, which stands for “general well-being”. Dr. Seligman says he’s glad to see governments measuring more than just the GDP, but he’s concerned that these surveys mainly ask people about their “life satisfaction”.
E） 积极心理学运动激发了世界各地调查人们心理状态的努力，例如英国的一个新项目，用于测量前首相戴维·卡梅伦（David Cameron）所说的“GWB”，它代表“总体幸福感”。塞利格曼博士说，他很高兴看到政府衡量的不仅仅是 GDP，但他担心这些调查主要询问人们的“生活满意度”。

F) In theory, life satisfaction might include various elements of well-being. But in practice, Dr. Seligman says, people’s answers to that question are largely – more than 70 percent – determined by how they’re feeling at the moment of the survey, not how they judge their lives overall. “Life satisfaction essentially measures cheerful moods, so it is not entitled to a central place in any theory that aims to be more than a ‘happiology’,” he writes in Flourish. By that standard, he notes, a government could improve its numbers by just handing out the kind of euphoriant drugs that Aldous Huxley described in Brave New World.
F） 理论上，生活满意度可能包括幸福感的各种要素。但塞利格曼博士说，在实践中，人们对这个问题的回答在很大程度上（超过 70%）取决于他们在调查时的感受，而不是他们如何评价自己的整体生活。“生活满意度本质上衡量的是开朗的情绪，因此在任何旨在超越'快乐学'的理论中，它都无权占据中心位置，”他在 Flourish 上写道。他指出，按照这个标准，政府可以通过分发奥尔德斯·赫胥黎（Aldous Huxley）在《美丽新世界》（Brave New World）中描述的那种令人欣快的药物来提高其数量。

G) So what should be measured instead? The best gauge so far of flourishing, Dr. Seligman says, comes from a study of 23 European countries by Felicia Huppert and Timothy So of the University of Cambridge. Besides asking respondents about their moods, the researchers asked about their relationships with others and their sense of accomplishing something worthwhile.
G） 那么应该测量什么呢？塞利格曼博士说，迄今为止衡量繁荣的最佳标准来自剑桥大学的费利西亚·于佩尔（Felicia Huppert）和蒂莫西·苏（Timothy So）对 23 个欧洲国家的研究。除了询问受访者的心情外，研究人员还询问了他们与他人的关系以及他们完成有价值的事情的感觉。

H) Denmark and Switzerland ranked most highly in Europe, with more than a quarter of their citizens meeting the definition of flourishing. Near the bottom, with fewer than 10 percent flourishing, were France, Hungary, Portugal and Russia.
H） 丹麦和瑞士在欧洲排名最高，超过四分之一的公民符合繁荣的定义。接近垫底的是法国、匈牙利、葡萄牙和俄罗斯，其繁荣度不到 10%。

I) There’s no direct comparison available with the United States, although some other researchers say that Americans would do fairly well because of their sense of accomplishment. The economist Arthur Brooks notes that 51 percent of Americans say they’re very satisfied with their jobs, which is a higher percentage than in any European country except Denmark, Switzerland and Austria.
I） 没有与美国的直接比较，尽管其他一些研究人员说，由于美国人的成就感，他们会做得相当好。经济学家阿瑟·布鲁克斯（Arthur Brooks）指出，51%的美国人表示他们对自己的工作非常满意，这一比例高于除丹麦、瑞士和奥地利以外的任何欧洲国家。

J) In his 2008 book, Gross National Happiness, Dr. Brooks argues that what’s crucial to well-being is not how cheerful you feel, not how much money you make, but rather the meaning you find in life and your sense of “earned success”—the belief that you have created value in your life or others’ lives. “People find meaning in providing unconditional love for children,” writes Dr. Brooks, who is now president of the American Enterprise Institute. “Paradoxically, your happiness is raised by the very fact that you are willing to have your happiness lowered through years of dirty diapers, tantrums and backtalk. Willingness to accept unhappiness from children is a source of happiness.”
J） 在他 2008 年出版的《国民幸福总值》一书中，布鲁克斯博士认为，对幸福感至关重要的不是你感觉有多开朗，也不是你赚了多少钱，而是你在生活中找到的意义和你对“赢得的成功”的感觉——相信你在自己的生活或他人的生活中创造了价值。“人们在为孩子提供无条件的爱中找到意义，”现任美国企业研究所（American Enterprise Institute）主席的布鲁克斯博士写道。“矛盾的是，你的幸福感是由这样一个事实而提高的，即你愿意通过多年的脏尿布、发脾气和背后说话来降低你的幸福感。愿意接受孩子的不快乐是快乐的源泉。

K) Some happiness researchers have suggested that parents disappoint themselves regarding the joys of children: They focus on the golden moments and forget the more frequent travails. But Dr. Seligman says that parents are wisely looking for more than happy feelings. “If we just wanted positive emotions, our species would have died out a long time ago,” he says. “We have children to pursue other elements of well-being. We want meaning in life. We want relationships.”
K） 一些幸福研究人员认为，父母对孩子的快乐感到失望：他们专注于黄金时刻，而忘记了更频繁的痛苦。但塞利格曼博士说，父母明智地寻找的不仅仅是快乐的感觉。“如果我们只是想要积极的情绪，我们的物种早就灭绝了，”他说。“我们有孩子去追求其他幸福的要素。我们想要生活的意义。我们想要关系。

L) In observing people’s need for accomplishment, Dr. Seligman says, he’s reminded of his early experiments that famously identified the concept of “learned helplessness.” He found that when animals or people were given a series of arbitrary punishments or rewards, they stopped trying to do anything constructive. “We found that even when good things occurred that weren’t earned, like nickels coming out of slot machines, it did not increase people’s well-being,” he said. “It produced helplessness. People gave up and became passive.”
L） Seligman 博士说，在观察人们对成就的需求时，他想起了他早期的实验，这些实验确定了著名的“习得性无助”的概念。他发现，当动物或人被给予一系列任意的惩罚或奖励时，它们会停止尝试做任何建设性的事情。“我们发现，即使发生了没有赚到的好事，比如从老虎机里流出的五分钱，它也没有增加人们的幸福感，”他说。“它产生了无助。人们放弃了，变得被动。

M) To avoid that sort of malaise (不舒服，心神不安), Dr. Seligman recommends looking at the basic elements of well-being, identifying which ones matter most to you, setting goals and monitoring progress. Simply keeping track of how much time you spend each day pursuing each goal can make a difference, he says, because it’s easy to see discrepancies between your goals and what you do.
M） 为了避免那种不适（不舒服，心神不安），Seligman 博士建议查看幸福的基本要素，确定哪些要素对您最重要，设定目标并监控进度。他说，简单地跟踪你每天花多少时间追求每个目标就会有所作为，因为很容易看到你的目标和你所做的事情之间的差异。

N) You might also start to question some of your goals and activities, the way that Dr. Seligman occasionally wonders why he spends so much time playing bridge. It has brought him some clear achievements—including a second-place finish in the North American pairs championship—but he doesn’t pretend that bridge provides any meaning in life. He says he plays for another element of well-being – the feeling of engagement. “I go into flow playing bridge,” he writes, “but after a long tournament, when I look in the mirror, I worry that I am merely fidgeting until I die.”
N） 你可能也会开始质疑你的一些目标和活动，就像 Seligman 博士偶尔会想为什么他花这么多时间打桥牌一样。这给他带来了一些明显的成就——包括在北美双人锦标赛中获得第二名——但他并没有假装桥牌为生活提供了任何意义。他说，他为幸福感的另一个要素而打球——参与感。“我开始玩桥牌，”他写道，“但在漫长的比赛之后，当我照镜子时，我担心我只是坐立不安，直到死去。

O) Is playing bridge for the feeling of flow any more worthwhile than playing it just to win? Dr. Seligman doesn’t want to judge. “My view of positive psychology is that it describes rather than prescribes what human beings do,” he says. “I don’t want to mess with people’s values. I’m not saying it’s a good or a bad thing to want to win for its own sake. I’m just describing what lots of people do. One’s job as a therapist is not to change what people value, but given what they value, to make them better at it.”
O） 为了流畅的感觉而玩桥牌比仅仅为了赢而玩桥牌更值得吗？塞利格曼博士不想评判。“我对积极心理学的看法是，它描述而不是规定人类做什么，”他说。“我不想破坏人们的价值观。我并不是说为了胜利而赢是好事还是坏事。我只是在描述很多人在做什么。作为治疗师，一个人的工作不是改变人们看重的东西，而是赋予他们看重的东西，让他们做得更好。

1. Efforts have been encouraged worldwide by the positive psychology movement to investigate people’s mental well-being rather than just economic growth.________
1. 积极心理学运动鼓励全世界努力调查人们的心理健康，而不仅仅是经济 growth.________

2. To measure people’s real happiness, researchers ask respondents about their moods, relationships with others and sense of worthwhile accomplishments.________
2. 为了衡量人们的真实幸福感，研究人员询问受访者的情绪、与他人的关系以及有价值的 accomplishments.________感

3. Dr. Seligman spends much time playing bridge not for a sense of meaningful achievement, but for the sense of being engaged.________
3. Seligman 博士花很多时间打桥牌不是为了获得有意义的成就感，而是为了 engaged.________的感觉

4. It was found that human beings and animals receiving punishments or rewards that they did not earn would have a sense of helplessness.________
4. 研究发现，人类和动物受到他们没有赚取的惩罚或奖励会有一种 helplessness.________感

5. What really contributes to one’s well-being is finding meaning and creating value in life rather than merely feeling cheerful or earning a lot of money.________
5. 真正有助于一个人幸福的是找到生活的意义和创造价值，而不仅仅是感到开朗或赚取大量 money.________

6. Dr. Seligman holds that well-being is the combination of the five important elements he defines for his own concept of PERMA.________
6. Seligman 博士认为，幸福感是他为自己定义的五个重要元素的组合 PERMA.________

7. Keeping a record of the time spent every day to pursue each goal helps one know well about how much one still needs to do.________
7. 记录每天为追求每个目标所花费的时间有助于一个人清楚地了解自己还需要 do.________

8. Dr. Seligman urged his workmates to study real happiness in life rather than keep concentrating on mental illness and other problems.________
8. 塞利格曼博士敦促他的同事们研究生活中真正的幸福，而不是一直专注于精神疾病和其他 problems.________

9. People’s sense of satisfaction is generally decided by their current feeling at the time of the survey, rather than by their overall judgment of life.________
9. 人们的满意度通常是由他们在调查时的当前感受决定的，而不是由他们对 life.________的整体判断决定的

10. With the proceeding investigation of happiness, Dr. Seligman started to notice certain limitations of his own interpretation of the concept.________
10. 随着对幸福的深入研究，塞利格曼博士开始注意到他自己对幸福的解释的某些局限性 concept.________

长篇阅读4

The Tyranny of Meaningful Work
有意义工作的暴政

A) Over the past decade, the pursuit of meaningfulness — and its cousin, passion – has grown steadily. Today it is one of our society’s hottest commodities — the career equivalent of getting the latest “it” bag. The yearning for meaningful work isn’t new. But only recently has it become such a widespread preoccupation.
A） 在过去的十年里，对意义的追求——以及它的表亲——激情——一直在稳步增长。今天，它已成为我们社会最热门的商品之一——相当于获得最新的“it”包。对有意义工作的渴望并不新鲜。但直到最近，它才成为如此普遍的关注点。

B) In part, it’s a reflection of relentless work demands, and the feeling of never really accomplishing anything. It makes sense to ask what end is served if it results in abandoned loved ones or compromised health. In part, it’s because some people are motivated to do values-driven work that serves a purpose beyond generating profit or paying the bills, such as improving the planet or helping others. And, in part, it’s because many people simply don’t know what to make of it, or even how to define it.
B） 在某种程度上，这反映了无情的工作要求，以及从未真正完成任何事情的感觉。如果它导致被遗弃的亲人或健康受损，那么问它的目的是什么，这是有道理的。部分原因是有些人有动力从事以价值观为导向的工作，这些工作的目的不仅仅是创造利润或支付账单，例如改善地球或帮助他人。而且，部分原因是许多人根本不知道该如何看待它，甚至不知道如何定义它。

C) But the concept has come to carry such emotional implications that some people feel inadequate if they are not doing what they consider to be meaningful work. What’s more, they may even feel guilty if they don’t care whether their work is meaningful at all.
C） 但这个概念已经带有如此情绪化的含义，以至于有些人如果不做他们认为有意义的工作，就会觉得自己不够用。更重要的是，如果他们根本不关心自己的工作是否有意义，他们甚至可能会感到内疚。

D) Another problem: What’s really behind this quest? For every person who honestly yearns for meaningful work, there is another interpretation with a fashionable buzz phrase. At a recent workshop I held, for example, a young accountant asked, “I am not contributing to the betterment of people or the planet, so what’s the point? I want to find meaningful work, something I can be passionate about.” But he described this desire with all the passion of someone reading a grocery list. I couldn’t help wondering if this was simply middle-class self-indulgence. Was this person just trying to keep up with a friend who had jumped on the meaningful bandwagon after a session with a career coach? Or had his employer adopted meaning as the new flavor of the month? Do people like this young accountant really want meaningful work, or are they merely looking for that warm, obscure feeling that comes from expressing noble aspirations – the articulated desire then becoming a substitute for actually doing something?
D） 另一个问题：这个任务的背后到底是什么？对于每个真诚地渴望有意义工作的人来说，还有另一种带有时尚流行语的解释。例如，在我最近举办的一次研讨会上，一位年轻的会计师问道：“我没有为人类或地球的福祉做出贡献，那有什么意义呢？我想找到有意义的工作，我可以充满热情的工作。但他以阅读购物清单的热情描述了这个愿望。我不禁想知道这是否只是中产阶级的自我放纵。这个人只是想跟上一个朋友，这个朋友在与职业教练的一次会议后加入了有意义的潮流吗？还是他的雇主采用了意义作为本月的新口味？像这位年轻会计师这样的人真的想要有意义的工作，还是只是在寻找来自表达崇高抱负的那种温暖、晦涩的感觉——这种表达出来的愿望然后成为实际做某事的替代品？

E) When I study data from thousands of people who have completed motivation exercises in my online career-planning assessment tool, I discover that only a small percentage are actually looking for work that serves a higher purpose. Values such as community, making a difference and spirituality take a back seat to others, such as learning, family and personal happiness.
E） 当我在我的在线职业规划评估工具中研究数千名已完成激励练习的人的数据时，我发现只有一小部分人实际上在寻找服务于更高目标的工作。社区、有所作为和灵性等价值观在学习、家庭和个人幸福等其他价值观中处于次要地位。

F) Then again, what constitutes meaningful work these days? It’s a question that comes up in nearly every workshop and speech I deliver, and it always leads to spirited debate. One person will insist that meaningfulness involves helping others or contributing to society. But another will counter that what they see as contributing to society, such as boosting a company’s profit, another person might consider meaningless. Someone will say that meaningfulness is in the eye of the beholder; yet another will insist that work doesn’t have to be meaningful, it just has to pay the bills.
F） 话又说回来，现在什么才是有意义的工作？这个问题几乎在我每次研讨会和演讲中都会出现，而且总是会引发激烈的辩论。一个人会坚持认为有意义包括帮助他人或为社会做出贡献。但另一个人会反驳说，他们认为对社会有贡献的东西，比如提高公司的利润，另一个人可能会认为毫无意义。有人会说，意义在旁观者的眼中;还有人会坚持认为，工作不必有意义，只需要支付账单。

G) Who’s right? In a sense, they all are. Meaningfulness is subjective. We all construct our own meaning from our own values and desires, and what is satisfying to one person may be a source of distress to another. Yet, people persist in searching for some greater meaning outside themselves, as if it were a commodity that could be objectively quantified. And when they don’t think they’ve found it, they become distressed.
G） 谁是对的？从某种意义上说，他们都是。意义是主观的。我们都从自己的价值观和欲望中构建自己的意义，让一个人满意的东西可能会成为另一个人的痛苦之源。然而，人们坚持不懈地在自身之外寻找某种更伟大的意义，仿佛它是一种可以客观量化的商品。当他们认为自己没有找到它时，他们就会变得痛苦。

H) Yet, when I ask those who complain that their work isn’t meaningful whether they enjoy it, they will often respond positively, although with the warning, again, that it isn’t meaningful. This is the tyranny of meaningful work – that simply enjoying your work is not enough. So what should people aspire to? Is it enough for people to simply enjoy their work without finding it meaningful or being passionate about it? I think it is. In fact, I would prefer to completely rid the concept of meaningful work as the gold standard and replace it with a new one: doing satisfying work that meets one’s needs. And these needs are constantly changing. At one point, work may be the centerpiece of identity; at another, it may take a back seat to personal interests and responsibilities.
H） 然而，当我问那些抱怨他们的工作没有意义的人是否喜欢它时，他们通常会做出积极的回答，尽管他们再次警告说它没有意义。这就是有意义工作的专制——仅仅享受你的工作是不够的。那么人们应该追求什么呢？人们仅仅享受他们的工作而不觉得它有意义或对它充满热情就足够了吗？我认为是的。事实上，我宁愿完全摆脱有意义工作作为黄金标准的概念，取而代之的是一个新的标准：做满足自己需求的令人满意的工作。这些需求在不断变化。在某一时刻，工作可能是身份的核心;另一方面，它可能会让位于个人利益和责任。

I) The relative importance of work in our lives, and whether it needs to be meaningful, is often related to what is going on outside of work. Take, for example, the many ambitious people who scale down their career in favor of family responsibilities. On the opposite side are those not in a personal relationship who look to their work as a major source of life satisfaction.
I） 工作在我们生活中的相对重要性，以及它是否需要有意义，通常与工作之外发生的事情有关。例如，许多雄心勃勃的人为了家庭责任而缩小了自己的职业生涯。相反，那些没有私人关系的人将工作视为生活满意度的主要来源。

J) I’ve also heard mid-lifers talk about the decrease of work’s importance in their lives. Take this 52-year-old male journalist’s comment, “I’m from a working-class family and I feel like recently I’ve become like my dad. I used to really care about what I was doing. But for me now, what’s important is that it pays the bills. I’m not looking for anything else out of my work.”
J） 我还听中年人谈论工作在他们生活中的重要性降低。以这位 52 岁的男记者的评论为例，“我来自一个工人阶级家庭，我觉得最近我变得像我爸爸一样。我以前真的很关心我正在做的事情。但对我来说，现在重要的是它能支付账单。我不会从我的工作中寻找任何其他东西。

K) People such as this journalist don’t care if their work is meaningful or even interesting. It’s simply a means to an end. As long as it’s not horrible, they’re okay. Their real life is what occurs outside of the office, whether as a parent, caregiver or in another role they deem important.
K） 像这位记者这样的人不在乎他们的工作是否有意义甚至有趣。它只是达到目的的一种手段。只要不是可怕的，他们就没事。他们的真实生活是在办公室之外发生的事情，无论是作为父母、看护人还是担任他们认为重要的其他角色。

L) Sometimes, you just need to put in your time and tolerate unsuitable work for financial or résumé-building reasons. Or work is a means to subsidize a passion or a vocation. Many artists and writers fall into this category. But even if your work doesn’t need to be meaningful or deeply satisfying, the result is not that it’s okay to have a job you hate. As anyone who has ever had a bad career experience will attest, there is nothing quite as soul-destroying as bad work. It undermines our effectiveness in all of life’s domains and affects how we feel about ourselves at the most profound level.
L） 有时，你只需要投入时间，并容忍出于财务或简历制作原因的不合适的工作。或者工作是补贴激情或职业的一种手段。许多艺术家和作家都属于这一类。但是，即使你的工作不需要有意义或非常令人满意，结果也不是可以拥有一份你讨厌的工作。正如任何曾经有过糟糕职业经历的人都会证明的那样，没有什么比糟糕的工作更令人心碎的了。它破坏了我们在生活所有领域的效率，并在最深刻的层面上影响了我们对自己的感受。

M) At our core, we all want our lives to have counted for something. For some, this may constitute doing work that serves a higher purpose. For others, it may mean doing work that stretches them, or allows them the opportunity to express creativity. Others derive meaning from other life arenas, such as family or community.
M） 从本质上讲，我们都希望我们的生活有意义。对一些人来说，这可能构成从事服务于更高目标的工作。对于其他人来说，这可能意味着做能让他们伸展的工作，或者让他们有机会表达创造力。其他人则从其他生活领域获得意义，例如家庭或社区。

N) So what do you want and need in your work? You decide. And be content with your choice. Do you feel badly that you aren’t taking a direct role in helping, say, to end world hunger? Or do you feel your work doesn’t get the attention from your boss that it deserves? Take specific action: If it’s the former, for instance, find an employer whose mission is compatible with your desires. If it’s the latter, start lobbying louder, or find an employer who cares about the work that you produce.
N） 那么，你的工作中想要和需要什么呢？您决定。并对你的选择感到满意。您是否因为没有在帮助消除世界饥饿方面发挥直接作用而感到难过？或者你觉得你的工作没有得到老板应有的关注？采取具体行动：例如，如果是前者，请找到一个使命与您的愿望相符的雇主。如果是后者，请开始大声游说，或者找一个关心你所做的工作的雇主。

O) If you are someone who needs to be fascinated by work but has competing external priorities, accept that you may need to temporarily downsize your ambitions. The important word here is “temporarily”. Instead of thinking about what you are giving up, think about what you are getting. Meaningfulness lies in the eyes of the beholder. Divorce yourself from others’ views. There is no objective description of meaningfulness.
O） 如果你是一个需要对工作着迷但有竞争的外部优先事项的人，请接受你可能需要暂时缩小你的抱负。这里重要的词是 “暂时”。与其考虑你放弃了什么，不如想想你得到了什么。意义在于旁观者的眼睛。将自己与他人的观点分开。没有对意义的客观描述。

1. Sometimes, work means just putting in time and tolerating an unfit job in order to earn money or build a great résumé.________
1. 有时，工作意味着只是投入时间并容忍一份不适合的工作，以赚钱或建立良好的 résumé.________

2. There is debate over meaningfulness of work, like one may think meaningful work is about contributing to society while another considers it meaningless.________
2. 关于工作的意义存在争议，比如一个人可能认为有意义的工作是为了为社会做出贡献，而另一个人则认为它是 meaningless.________

3. Whether work should be meaningful or not, people often associate its importance with outside-of-work aspects such as family responsibilities.________
3. 无论工作是否有意义，人们经常将其重要性与工作之外的方面联系起来，例如家庭 responsibilities.________

4. It is reasonable to ask about the purpose of work when work is done at the expense of loved ones or health.________
4. 当工作是以牺牲亲人或 health.________为代价时，询问工作的目的是合理的

5. Bad work is soul-destroying as it weakens people’s effectiveness in other areas of their lives and greatly affects people’s feelings about themselves.________
5. 糟糕的工作是毁灭灵魂的，因为它削弱了人们在生活其他领域的效率，并极大地影响了人们对 themselves.________的感受

6. Under the new concept of meaningful work, work can be the highlight of identity and can leave way for personal interests and responsibilities.________
6. 在有意义工作的新概念下，工作可以是身份的亮点，也可以为个人兴趣和 responsibilities.________让路

7. People may feel inadequate or guilty if their work is not meaningful or if they do not care about the meaningfulness of their work.________
7. 如果他们的工作没有意义，或者他们不关心自己 work.________的意义，人们可能会感到不足或内疚

8. Meaningfulness is a subjective concept lying in the beholder’s eyes and people should not confine themselves to others’ views on it.________
8. 意义是一个存在于旁观者眼中的主观概念，人们不应将自己局限于他人对 it.________的看法

9. There has been steady pursuit of meaningfulness and passion in the past decade, and recent years have seen the widespread longing for meaningful work.________
9. 在过去的十年里，人们一直在稳步追求有意义和激情，近年来，人们普遍渴望有意义的 work.________

10. People are persistently searching for greater meaning beyond themselves and the feeling of not having found it worries them.________
10. 人们一直在寻找超越自我的更伟大意义，没有找到它的感觉令人担忧 them.________

Unit 6
第 6 单元

长篇阅读 5

Brazil Faces Drop in Crops
巴西面临收成下降

A) Higher temperatures, drastic changes in rainfall, lower productivity, more disease − these are just some of the expected consequences of climate change in Brazil if the predictions of 345 scientists who make up the Brazilian Panel on Climate Change (PBMC) prove true.
A） 气温升高、降雨量急剧变化、生产力降低、疾病增加——如果巴西气候变化专门委员会 （PBMC） 的 345 名科学家的预测被证明是正确的，那么这些只是巴西气候变化的一些预期后果。

B) They predict that if present trends in greenhouse gas emissions continue, average temperatures in Brazil will be 3–6ºC higher by 2100 than they were at the end of the 20th century. Rainfall patterns could change drastically, increasing by up to 30 percent in the south and south-east of the country, while diminishing by up to 40 percent in the north and north-east.
B） 他们预测，如果目前的温室气体排放趋势继续下去，到 2100 年，巴西的平均气温将比 20 世纪末高出 3-6ºC。降雨模式可能会发生巨大变化，该国南部和东南部的降雨量会增加 30%，而北部和东北部的降雨量将减少高达 40%。

C) The forecasts, based on research over the past six years, are contained in a report that provides the most complete diagnosis yet of the future tendencies of the Brazilian climate. The report will be presented at Brazil’s first national conference on global climate change, to be held in São Paulo from 9–13 September and organized by the publicly-funded São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP). The data will then be included in the fifth report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), to be released two weeks later.
C） 根据过去六年的研究，这些预测包含在一份报告中，该报告对巴西气候的未来趋势提供了迄今为止最完整的诊断。该报告将于 9 月 9 日至 13 日在圣保罗举行的巴西首届全球气候变化全国会议上提交，该会议由公共资助的圣保罗研究基金会 （FAPESP） 组织。这些数据随后将被纳入两周后发布的政府间气候变化专门委员会 （IPCC） 的第五份报告中。

D) The changes in temperature and rainfall will not be confined to Brazil, the largest country in South America, but will also affect neighboring countries. “With the exception of Chile’s central and southern coast, where the last decades have seen a cooling, there will be a rise in temperature in all the other regions of South America,” says a climate scientist, who uses regional climate models to develop predictions for the future. “There is a feeling that the seasons have become a bit crazy, with more frequent extremes of climate.”
D） 温度和降雨量的变化将不仅限于南美洲最大的国家巴西，也会影响邻国。“除了智利的中部和南部海岸，过去几十年来那里已经降温，南美洲所有其他地区的气温都会上升，”一位使用区域气候模型对未来进行预测的气候科学家说。“有一种感觉，季节变得有点疯狂了，极端气候更加频繁。”

E) Tornados, once a rare occurrence, will become more frequent. Big and medium-sized cities will become hotter, with altered rain patterns. Rainfall in the Amazon region and in the semi-dry area of the north-east could fall by 40 percent, whereas in the south and south-east it could increase by 30 percent. For the region of the central plateau, which has become a major cereal growing area, and the wetlands of the Pantanal, climate models also indicate significant changes, although the reliability of these predictions is lower.
E） 龙卷风曾经很少发生，但会变得更加频繁。大中城市将变得更热，降雨模式也会发生变化。亚马逊地区和东北部半干旱地区的降雨量可能会减少 40%，而南部和东南部的降雨量可能会增加 30%。对于已成为主要谷物种植区的中央高原地区和潘塔纳尔湿地，气候模型也表明了重大变化，尽管这些预测的可靠性较低。

F) All these changes will have a dramatic effect on harvests in one of the world’s major food producing countries, but Brazil’s farmers have so far shown little awareness of the problems that lie in store, and consequently have not begun to adapt to the changing climate. Monocultures (单一栽培) continue to expand, advancing into the Amazon region and taking over the Cerredo (the largest savanna region of South America).
F） 所有这些变化都将对世界主要粮食生产国之一的收成产生巨大影响，但巴西农民迄今对即将面临的问题知之甚少，因此尚未开始适应不断变化的气候。单一栽培 （单一栽培） 继续扩大，进入亚马逊地区并接管 Cerredo（南美洲最大的稀树草原地区）。

G) Researchers warn that farmers must act now to avoid a worsening situation. Suggested measures include investing intensively in mixed agricultural systems, and abandoning the practice of monoculture. Farmers should also increase the biological interest in nitrogen, reduce the use of pesticides (Brazil has been the world’s biggest consumer), and increase the rotation of crops. The knowledge to do all this already exists, but farmers need stronger governmental guidance. They must increase productivity in the mid-west, south-east and south to avoid the destruction of the Amazon. The reorganization of Brazil’s rural space is urgent.
G） 研究人员警告说，农民必须立即采取行动，以避免情况恶化。建议的措施包括对混合农业系统进行大量投资，并放弃单一种植的做法。农民还应该增加对氮的生物兴趣，减少杀虫剂的使用（巴西一直是世界上最大的消费国），并增加作物的轮作。做这一切的知识已经存在，但农民需要更强有力的政府指导。他们必须提高中西部、东南部和南部的生产力，以避免亚马逊河的破坏。巴西农村空间的重组刻不容缓。

H) An adviser to the government’s Centre for Strategic Studies and Management in Science, Technology and Innovation, also believes that agricultural, industrial and urban policies must be changed to include concerns with sustainability (可持续性) and extreme climate events such as rainstorms and droughts. “We must widen the debate and overcome institutional rigidity (僵硬), resistances and short-term interests,” he says.
H） 政府科学、技术和创新战略研究与管理中心的顾问也认为，必须改变农业、工业和城市政策，以包括对可持续性（可持续性）和极端气候事件（如暴雨和干旱）的关注。“我们必须扩大辩论范围，克服制度僵化（僵硬）、阻力和短期利益，”他说。

I) Crop losses are already being noted. In the past few years, Brazil has seen a fall in productivity in some regions, principally in coffee, soy and maize. Soy will be the most affected. Brazil is expected to overtake the US to become the world's major producer, but that position will be hard to sustain if the expected effects of climate change kick in. Even if the amount of rain stays the same, soil humidity will fall, because the rise in average temperatures will increase evaporation (蒸发).
I） 已经注意到作物损失。在过去几年中，巴西一些地区的生产率有所下降，主要是咖啡、大豆和玉米。大豆将受到最大的影响。巴西有望超过美国成为世界主要生产国，但如果气候变化的预期影响开始发挥作用，这一地位将难以维持。即使降雨量保持不变，土壤湿度也会下降，因为平均温度的上升会增加蒸发（蒸发）。

J) This will affect regions, such as the semi-arid north-east, where lack of water is a constant. The productivity of basic crops such as maize, beans, cotton and rice will suffer, leading to a drop in income in the region that is already Brazil’s most backward in terms of social indicators intensifying poverty. The federal government’s successful poverty reduction program, Bolsa Familia, will not be enough to stop a renewal of migration from the rural area to the cities, worsening infrastructure (基础设施) problems related to housing, transport and sanitation.
J） 这将影响地区，例如半干旱的东北部，那里的缺水是常态。玉米、豆类、棉花和水稻等基本作物的生产力将受到影响，导致该地区的收入下降，而该地区的社会指标已经是巴西最落后的地区，从而加剧了贫困。联邦政府成功的减贫计划 Bolsa Familia 不足以阻止从农村地区向城市的移民，从而加剧与住房、交通和卫生相关的基础设施问题。

K) The PBMC report foresees that climate change in Brazil will also bring an increase in fungal diseases and pests, caused by the rise of CO² levels in the air and ultraviolet B radiation. In addition to cereals, fruit crops such as banana, mango and grape will be hit.
K） PBMC 报告预测，巴西的气候变化也将导致真菌病虫害的增加，这是由空气中 CO² 水平上升和紫外线 B 辐射引起的。除谷物外，香蕉、芒果和葡萄等水果作物也将受到打击。

L) The report also says that more, and more intense, episodes of flooding and drought could alter the volume of the rivers and affect the supply of water to dam reservoirs. Hydropower (水电) accounts for well over half of Brazil’s energy. Biodiversity will be badly affected, including that of aquatic environments. Some biomes, characterized by a dominant vegetation, have already lost large areas because of intensive agriculture − the Cerredo has lost 47 percent and Eastern Brazil’s tropical Caatinga region 44 percent − and it is now questionable whether their ecological balance can be restored.
L） 报告还指出，更多、更严重的洪水和干旱事件可能会改变河流的水量，并影响大坝水库的水供应。水电占巴西能源的一半以上。生物多样性将受到严重影响，包括水生环境。一些以植被为主的生物群落已经因集约化农业而失去了大片面积——塞雷多地区损失了 47%，巴西东部的热带卡廷加地区损失了 44%——现在它们的生态平衡是否能够恢复是个疑问。

M) In the cities, where more than 85 percent of Brazilians now live, there will be a greater risk of mudslides and worse flooding, while many of the major cities − such as Rio, Salvador and Recife − are on the coast, and therefore vulnerable to a possible rise in ocean levels.
M） 在现在超过 85% 的巴西人居住的城市中，泥石流和更严重的洪水风险将更大，而许多主要城市——如里约热内卢、萨尔瓦多和累西腓——都在海岸上，因此容易受到海平面可能上升的影响。

N) The researchers want their report to be used to guide the drawing up and implementation of public policies for climate change adaptation and reduction, as well as to help companies in their future planning. The report, the first by the PBMC, also marks Brazil’s acceptance by the IPCC as a nation supplying predictions on an international scale. This is because it has developed its own climate simulation model, the Brazilian Earth System Model (BESM), and is the only country in the southern hemisphere to do so. The establishment of the BESM has enabled the scientists to reconstruct recent occurrences of the El Niño climate phenomenon − caused by abnormal heating up of the surface waters of the equatorial Pacific, which affects the rainfall regime in a large part of the planet − and simulate the effects of future El Niños.
N） 研究人员希望他们的报告用于指导适应和减少气候变化的公共政策的制定和实施，以及帮助公司进行未来规划。该报告是 PBMC 的第一份报告，也标志着巴西被 IPCC 接受为国际规模的预测提供国家。这是因为它开发了自己的气候模拟模型，即巴西地球系统模型 （BESM），并且是南半球唯一这样做的国家。BESM 的建立使科学家们能够重建最近发生的厄尔尼诺气候现象——由赤道太平洋表层水的异常加热引起，这影响了地球大部分地区的降雨状况——并模拟了未来厄尔尼诺现象的影响。

1. A possible increase in sea levels will affect many of the big cities of Brazil which are located on the coast.________
1. 海平面可能上升将影响巴西许多位于 coast.________的大城市

2. It is important for farmers to increase the biological use of nitrogen and the rotation of crops but decrease the use of pesticides.________
2. 农民必须增加氮的生物利用和作物的轮作，但减少 pesticides.________的使用

3. Because of greenhouse gas emissions, in some parts of Brazil there will be a rise of rainfall while in other parts there will be a drop.________
3. 由于温室气体排放，巴西一些地区的降雨量将增加，而其他地区的降雨量将 drop.________

4. According to predictions made in the PBMC, there will be more fungal diseases and pests in Brazil because of climate change.________
4. 根据 PBMC 的预测，由于气候 change.________，巴西将有更多的真菌病虫害

5. Many countries in South America will suffer consequences brought about by climate change.________
5. 南美洲许多国家将遭受气候 change.________带来的后果

6. More than 50 percent of Brazil’s energy comes from hydroelectric power.________
6. 巴西 50% 以上的能源来自水力发电 power.________

7. Still today, most farmers in Brazil have little idea of the great impact of climate change on crops and have not thought of any ways to adjust their practices.________
7. 直到今天，巴西的大多数农民仍然对气候变化对农作物的巨大影响知之甚少，也没有想过任何调整 practices.________的方法

8. The researchers hope that their report can help the government in making and carrying out public policies related to climate change and help businesses in making plans.________
8. 研究人员希望他们的报告可以帮助政府制定和执行与气候变化相关的公共政策，并帮助企业制定 plans.________

9. Because extreme climate occurs more often than before, people now feel that the seasons have become abnormal.________
9. 因为极端气候比以前更频繁地发生，人们现在觉得季节已经变得 abnormal.________

10. With the possible influence of climate change, it will be difficult for Brazil to maintain a position as the biggest producer of soy.________
10. 由于气候变化可能产生的影响，巴西将难以保持 soy.________最大生产国的地位

长篇阅读 6

Natural Gas Vehicles Could Ease Energy Crisis
天然气汽车可以缓解能源危机

A) Geopolitical issues are driving up the cost of oil and eroding U.S. energy security, and could cause another recession, according to energy experts. But fuels derived from natural gas could help avoid a future oil crisis if they’re ready to effectively compete in the oil-dominated transportation sector, members of the U.S. Energy Security Council said yesterday at a meeting of energy industry leaders.
答：能源专家表示，地缘政治问题正在推高石油成本并侵蚀美国能源安全，并可能导致另一场经济衰退。但是，美国能源安全委员会（U.S. Energy Security Council）成员昨天在能源行业领导人会议上表示，如果天然气衍生的燃料准备好在以石油为主的运输领域进行有效竞争，则可能有助于避免未来的石油危机。

B) “The US is really facing an energy security paradox (自相矛盾). We’ve expanded domestic oil supply, we’ve reduced demand through fuel efficiency, and yet gas prices were at record high and revenues for the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) were at record highs,” said Korin, co-director of the Institute for the Analysis of Global Security and an adviser to the Energy Security Council. “So drilling more and using less aren’t going to solve our problem, which is price,” she said. “So in order to solve the price problem, you have to focus on fuel competition.”
B） “美国确实面临着能源安全悖论（自相矛盾）。我们扩大了国内石油供应，通过提高燃料效率来减少需求，但天然气价格仍处于历史高位，石油输出国组织 （OPEC） 的收入创下历史新高，“全球安全分析研究所联合主任兼能源安全委员会顾问科林说。“因此，多钻少用并不能解决我们的问题，即价格，”她说。“所以，为了解决价格问题，你必须专注于燃料竞争。”

C) Korin and the co-author of their new book Petropoly argue that OPEC is increasing U.S. insecurity by driving up oil prices to balance their national budgets. OPEC governments handed out money as gifts to their populations. But the more a government spends on gifts for its people, the bigger its budgetary needs become, and if its main budget input is oil, it will need to sell oil at a higher price per barrel, Korin explained. This puts the United States in a dangerous position. A sudden increase in crude oil prices has happened before nearly every major economic recession in the United States since the 1970s. If the United States remains oil-dependent and prices continue to rise, it could cause another recession.
C） Korin 和他们的新书《Petropoly》的合著者认为，OPEC 通过推高油价以平衡其国家预算，加剧了美国的不安全感。欧佩克政府将钱作为礼物分发给本国人民。但 Korin 解释说，政府为人民购买礼物的支出越多，其预算需求就越大，如果其主要预算投入是石油，它将需要以更高的每桶价格出售石油。这使美国处于危险的境地。自 1970 年代以来，美国几乎所有重大经济衰退之前都发生了原油价格的突然上涨。如果美国仍然依赖石油并且价格继续上涨，可能会导致另一场经济衰退。

D) Growing demand in some countries compounds oil supply issues, which could bring global oil consumption up to 98 million barrels per day over the next three years while global production remains at around 86 million barrels per day, said John Hofmeister, former president of Shell Oil Co. and founder of the nonprofit group Citizens for Affordable Energy. Oil production in Brazil, East Africa and the Arctic faces institutional and technological barriers, and with the Middle East in such an unstable state, no one knows where that supply will come from, he added. “Who will assure America can get its 20 million barrels a day?” said Hofmeister. “The answer is, if we don’t do it ourselves, no one will.”
D） 壳牌石油公司（Shell Oil Co.）前总裁、非营利组织“公民平价能源”（Citizens for Affordable Energy）创始人约翰·霍夫迈斯特（John Hofmeister）表示，一些国家不断增长的需求加剧了石油供应问题，这可能会使未来三年全球石油消费量达到每天 9800 万桶，而全球产量仍保持在每天 8600 万桶左右。他补充说，巴西、东非和北极的石油生产面临制度和技术障碍，而且中东处于如此不稳定的状态，没有人知道这些供应将来自哪里。“谁能保证美国每天能得到 2000 万桶？”“答案是，如果我们自己不做，就没有人会这样做。”

E) That’s where domestically produced natural gas could step in. Compressed natural gas (CNG), liquefied natural gas (LNG), methanol, diesel, gasoline and even ethanol are all natural gas-based fuels that could potentially replace oil-derived gasoline and diesel. CNG-powered heavy-duty vehicles are economically attractive because of their large fuel cost savings, and there is strong interest in using them in the trucking industry, especially in fleets.
E） 这就是国内生产的天然气可以介入的地方。压缩天然气 （CNG）、液化天然气 （LNG）、甲醇、柴油、汽油甚至乙醇都是基于天然气的燃料，有可能取代石油衍生的汽油和柴油。CNG 动力重型车辆因其节省大量燃料成本而具有经济吸引力，并且人们对在卡车运输行业，尤其是车队中使用它们有着浓厚的兴趣。

F) According to a study from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, methanol (甲醇) could be the most promising option for large-scale market penetration of a natural gas-based fuel for light-duty (轻型的) vehicles because of its low fuel cost and low additional cost relative to powering a vehicle with gasoline. Methanol can be made efficiently, has already been established commercially for use in the chemical sector, is relatively inexpensive because of low natural gas prices and produces less greenhouse gas emissions compared to other natural gas-derived liquid fuels.
F） 根据麻省理工学院的一项研究，甲醇 （甲醇） 可能是轻型 （轻型） 车辆天然气燃料大规模市场渗透的最有前途的选择，因为它的燃料成本低，相对于用汽油为车辆提供动力，附加成本低。甲醇可以高效生产，已经商业化用于化工行业，由于天然气价格低廉，相对便宜，与其他天然气衍生的液体燃料相比，产生的温室气体排放更少。

G) The cost for a vehicle to run on methanol is thousands of dollars cheaper than running it on CNG or LNG in both the light-duty and heavy-duty vehicle sectors. In addition, a recent MIT work has indicated that a flex fuel-type passenger vehicle running on methanol could be potentially 30 percent more efficient than a vehicle powered by gasoline.
G） 在轻型和重型车辆领域，使用甲醇运行的车辆比使用 CNG 或 LNG 运行的成本便宜数千美元。此外，麻省理工学院最近的一项研究表明，使用甲醇的灵活燃料型乘用车的效率可能比汽油驱动的车辆高 30%。

H) Electric vehicles powered by natural gas-generated electricity, or power derived from renewable sources such as wind and solar, could also help reduce U.S. oil dependency as well as reduce greenhouse gas emissions. However, some scientists said they don’t see electric cars saving the United States from an oil crisis anytime soon. “I don’t think there’s any way electric vehicles can have any significant impact in the foreseeable future on the world oil market when you take into account the high vehicle cost,” one scientist said. “They’re a difficult sell in the U.S. and even more difficult in some other places like India.”
H） 由天然气发电或风能和太阳能等可再生能源提供动力的电动汽车也有助于减少对美国石油的依赖并减少温室气体排放。然而，一些科学家表示，他们认为电动汽车不会很快将美国从石油危机中拯救出来。“考虑到高昂的车辆成本，我认为在可预见的未来，电动汽车不可能对世界石油市场产生任何重大影响，”一位科学家说。“它们在美国很难卖，在印度等其他一些地方甚至更难。”

I) But the business case for natural gas vehicles may not end up being all that attractive, either. Bloomberg New Energy Finance anticipates that natural gas prices will increase over the next 24 months and could reach as much as $6.50 per million British thermal (热量的) units, up from $2.75 at the end of last year. Indeed, according to them, the natural gas industry needs prices to go up in order to see a return on its investments. A lot of people will lose a lot of money if gas prices stay at $3.50 per million British thermal units.
I） 但天然气汽车的商业案例最终也可能没有那么有吸引力。彭博新能源财经预计，天然气价格将在未来 24 个月内上涨，可能达到每百万英热单位 6.50 美元，高于去年年底的 2.75 美元。事实上，根据他们的说法，天然气行业需要价格上涨才能看到投资回报。如果汽油价格保持在每百万英热单位 3.50 美元，很多人会损失很多钱。

J) In the last Congress, the Energy Security Council helped propose the “Open Fuel Standard Act,” which would require that no less than half of every auto manufacturer's fleet be able to run on non-petroleum fuels in addition to, or instead of, petroleum-based fuels. Electric and natural gas vehicles would qualify to help meet the quota, but feasibly so, too, would cars that can run on liquid fuels derived from coal, which are much worse in terms of greenhouse gas emissions.
J） 在上届国会中，能源安全委员会帮助提出了“开放燃料标准法案”，该法案要求每个汽车制造商的车队中至少有一半能够使用非石油燃料作为石油燃料或代替石油燃料。电动和天然气汽车将有资格帮助满足配额，但也可以使用煤炭衍生的液体燃料的汽车也有资格满足配额，而煤炭的温室气体排放要糟糕得多。

K) The bill had bipartisan (两党的) support, but failed to pass. The Energy Security Council promised to renew lobbying efforts on Capitol Hill (国会) and to look for more allies in the private sector. Increasing the number of alternatives is important not just for the transportation sector, but across the energy sector. Ethanol is also an important energy source in the transportation sector. By minimizing subsidies, reducing regulation and opening up U.S. trade, entrepreneurs will find creative solutions to America’s oil crisis.
K） 该法案得到了两党的支持，但未能通过。能源安全委员会承诺在国会山 （Capitol Hill） 重新进行游说，并在私营部门寻找更多盟友。增加替代品的数量不仅对运输行业很重要，而且对整个能源行业也很重要。乙醇也是运输部门的重要能源。通过减少补贴、减少监管和开放美国贸易，企业家将找到解决美国石油危机的创造性解决方案。

L) But former president of the American Council on Renewable Energy cautioned that energy security and national security should not be achieved at the expense of environmental security. Natural gas is a win environmentally because it produces less local pollution and less carbon dioxide emissions than traditional petroleum and electricity generated from coal, he said. But it’s necessary to consider the degree to which natural gas should replace other types of energy sources and the full life-cycle emissions associated with fuels derived from natural gas. “We could find ourselves years down the road with a price on carbon, and if we are overinvested in a portfolio of transportation energy that’s overly carbonated -- to use that term -- I think it would really be a mistake,” he said.
L） 但美国可再生能源委员会（American Council on Renewable Energy）前主席警告说，能源安全和国家安全不应以牺牲环境安全为代价来实现。他说，天然气在环境上是双赢的，因为与传统的石油和煤炭发电相比，它产生的当地污染和二氧化碳排放更少。但有必要考虑天然气应该在多大程度上取代其他类型的能源，以及与天然气衍生燃料相关的整个生命周期排放。他说：“我们可能会发现自己在几年后会面临碳价格，如果我们过度投资于过度碳酸化的运输能源组合——用这个词来说——我认为这真的是一个错误。

1. Hofmeister pointed out that global demand for oil would be much greater than global oil production in the near future.________
1. Hofmeister 指出，在不久的将来，全球对石油的需求将远大于全球石油产量 future.________

2. Bloomberg New Energy Finance predicts there will be a rise in natural gas prices in the next two years.________
2. 彭博新能源财经预测未来两个 years.________天然气价格将上涨

3. Former president of the American Council on Renewable Energy warned that environmental security should be as important as energy security and national security.________
3. 美国可再生能源委员会前主席警告说，环境安全应该与能源安全和国家 security.________

4. Korin thinks it strange that an increase of domestic oil supply and a decrease of demand didn’t lead to a fall of gas prices in America.________
4. Korin 认为奇怪的是，国内石油供应的增加和需求的减少并没有导致 America.________ 年的天然气价格下跌

5. A bill was put forward in the last Congress that at least 50 percent of vehicles manufactured should be able to run on non-petroleum fuels.________
5. 上届国会提出了一项法案，即至少 50% 的制造车辆应能够使用非石油 fuels.________

6. Hofmeister believes various factors in oil producing countries or regions will make it difficult for global oil supply to meet its demand.________
6. Hofmeister 认为，产油国或地区的各种因素将使全球石油供应难以满足其 demand.________

7. The Energy Security Council will try again to lobby for approval of the bill and seek more supporters in the private business.________
7. 能源安全委员会将再次尝试游说批准该法案，并在私营 business.________寻求更多支持者

8. Methanol has the advantage of low cost, low release of greenhouse gas and high efficiency of production, and has been accepted for use in the chemical sector.________
8、甲醇具有成本低、温室气体释放量小、生产效率高等优点，已被接受用于化工 sector.________

9. The United States might slip into a new economic recession if it doesn’t reduce oil dependence and oil prices continue to rise.________
9. 如果不减少对石油的依赖，油价继续 rise.________，美国可能会陷入新的经济衰退

10. Some scientists think it is impossible for America to solve the energy problem in the near future by turning to electric cars.________
10. 一些科学家认为，美国不可能在不久的将来通过转向电力 cars.________来解决能源问题

长篇阅读1

1-5DKFCI

6-10LBEJH
6-10磅

长篇阅读2

1-5GCFNH

6-10DJBEK

长篇阅读3

1-5EGNLJ

6-10DMAFB

长篇阅读4

1-5LFIBL

6-10HCOAG
6-10 羟氯汞

长篇阅读5

1-5MGBKD

6-10LFNDI

长篇阅读6

1-5DILBJ

6-10DKFCH

阅读理解

Unit 2
单元 2

阅读理解1

Beauty really is in the eye of the beholder. Research suggests that we view our loved ones through rose-tinted glasses that overlook the physical attributes that might put others off. As a result, husbands and wives think their other halves are more attractive than they really are.
美真的在旁观者的眼中。研究表明，我们通过玫瑰色的眼镜来看待我们所爱的人，而忽视了可能会让其他人望而却步的身体特征。因此，丈夫和妻子认为他们的另一半比实际更有吸引力。

This “positive illusion” theory comes from researchers who asked 70 couples to rate their other halves for attractiveness. Questions included how attractive they thought their partner was, how attractive they thought their partner was to members of the opposite sex, and how attractive they thought their partner was compared to other people of the same sex and the same age. In addition, members of the public judged the looks of all 140 men and women taking part. The results, reported in The Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, revealed that couples rated the physical appeal of their own partners higher than that of strangers. Even asking them to rate pictures of their partners did not give them a reality check.
这种“积极错觉”理论来自研究人员，他们要求 70 对夫妇对他们的另一半的吸引力进行评分。问题包括他们认为自己的伴侣有多有吸引力，他们认为他们的伴侣对异性有多大的吸引力，以及他们认为他们的伴侣与其他同性和同龄人相比有多大的吸引力。此外，公众还评判了所有 140 名参与者的外表。报告在《社会与个人关系杂志》上的结果显示，夫妻对自己伴侣的身体吸引力的评价高于陌生人。即使让他们给伴侣的照片打分，也没有给他们一个现实的检查。

The researchers, who conducted the study at the University of Groningen in the Netherlands, explain their findings from a psychological perspective. During the course of a romantic relationship, partners will frequently uncover sources of negativity or conflict that may raise the fear that their partner is not the “right” person after all. Such doubts about the partner are troublesome because negativity typically surfaces when the individuals have already invested in their relationship.
在荷兰格罗宁根大学进行这项研究的研究人员从心理学的角度解释了他们的发现。在恋爱关系的过程中，伴侣会经常发现消极或冲突的来源，这可能会让人担心他们的伴侣毕竟不是 “正确 ”的人。这种对伴侣的怀疑很麻烦，因为当个人已经投资于他们的关系时，消极情绪通常会浮出水面。

In order to reach some resolution between their hopes and doubts, and sustain a sense of security, partners often weave an elaborate fictitious (虚构的) story that both magnifies a partner’s virtues and minimizes their faults. By means of these positive illusions, partners may enhance their sense of security and stabilize their long-term bond.
为了在希望和疑虑之间达成某种解决方案，并保持一种安全感，伴侣通常会编织一个精心设计的虚构故事，既放大了伴侣的优点，又淡化了他们的缺点。通过这些积极的幻觉，伴侣可能会增强他们的安全感并稳定他们的长期纽带。

Those who participated in the study were relatively young and had been together on average for just two and a half years. The researchers said that more work is needed to see if those in long marriages are still blind to their partner’s physical flaws. They think it is possible that positive illusions are much stronger in the beginning of the relationship when partners are still in love and tend to idealize each other strongly. Likewise, positive illusions may be stronger when people are younger and, as a consequence, relatively attractive.
参与这项研究的人相对年轻，平均只在一起两年半。研究人员表示，需要做更多的工作来了解那些长期婚姻中的人是否仍然对伴侣的身体缺陷视而不见。他们认为，在关系开始时，当伴侣仍然相爱并且倾向于强烈地将对方理想化时，积极的幻想可能会强烈得多。同样，当人们年轻时，积极的幻想可能会更强烈，因此，相对有吸引力。

The researchers also pointed out that positive illusions are not exclusive to romantic relationships. In fact they are prevalent in our daily life and are considered important for maintaining a healthy mental state, although the extent to which people demonstrate them varies. But whatever the situation, it is hard to dismiss their existence and their influence on human behavior and decision making.
研究人员还指出，积极的幻觉并不是浪漫关系所独有的。事实上，它们在我们的日常生活中普遍存在，并且被认为对保持健康的精神状态很重要，尽管人们表现出它们的程度各不相同。但无论情况如何，都很难否认它们的存在及其对人类行为和决策的影响。

1. According to the passage, how do we tend to view our love partners?
1. 根据这段经文，我们倾向于如何看待我们的爱情伴侣？

A: They are more attractive when they recognize their own shortcomings.
答：当他们认识到自己的缺点时，他们更有吸引力。

B: They are more attractive when they pay attention to their appearance.
B：当他们注意自己的外表时，他们更有吸引力。

C: They are attractive even if they have some flaws in their appearance.
C：即使他们的外表有一些缺陷，他们也很有吸引力。

D: They are attractive even if they overlook their important qualities.
D：即使他们忽视了自己的重要品质，他们也很有吸引力。

2. What did the participants in the study mentioned in the passage do?
2. 文章中提到的研究参与者做了什么？

A: They rated strangers’ attractiveness objectively.
A： 他们对陌生人的吸引力进行了客观的评价。

B: They rated their partners’ attractiveness objectively.
B：他们客观地评价了伴侣的吸引力。

C: They rated strangers as more attractive than their partners.
C：他们认为陌生人比他们的伴侣更有吸引力。

D: They rated their partners as more attractive than strangers.
D：他们认为他们的伴侣比陌生人更有吸引力。

3. Why can positive illusions benefit a romantic relationship?
3. 为什么积极的幻想对浪漫关系有益？

A: Because they help solve conflicts in the early stage of the relationship.
A： 因为他们有助于在关系的早期阶段解决冲突。

B: Because they help maintain the longer-term stability of the relationship.
B：因为他们有助于维持关系的长期稳定性。

C: Because they help reveal sources of negative elements in the relationship.
C：因为他们有助于揭示关系中负面因素的来源。

D: Because they help prevent unreasonable doubts from ruining the relationship.
D：因为它们有助于防止无理的怀疑破坏关系。

4. According to the researchers, when may the influence of positive illusions be weaker?
4. 根据研究人员的说法，积极幻觉的影响什么时候会减弱？

A: When people get older.
答：当人们变老时。

B: When people are younger.
B：当人们更年轻时。

C: When a marriage has just started.
C：当婚姻刚刚开始时。

D: When a marriage has lasted a long time.
D：当婚姻持续了很长时间时。

5. Which of the following best summarizes the main idea of the passage?
5. 以下哪一项最能概括这段经文的主要思想？

A: Romance reduces marriage stability.
A：浪漫会降低婚姻的稳定性。

B: Attractiveness comes with age.
B：吸引力会随着年龄的增长而来。

C: Love is blind for a good reason.
C：爱是盲目的，这是有充分理由的。

D: Appearance enhances happiness.
D：外表可以提高幸福感。

答案；CDBAC
答案； CDBAC

阅读理解2

Organic food has more of the antioxidant (抗氧化剂) compounds linked to better health than regular food, according to the most comprehensive scientific analysis to date. The international team behind the work, led by a professor at Newcastle University, concludes that there are “statistically significant, meaningful” differences, with a range of antioxidants being “substantially higher” in organic food. The increased levels of antioxidants are equivalent to “one to two of the five portions of fruits and vegetables recommended to be consumed daily” and would therefore be significant and meaningful in terms of human nutrition. It is the first study to demonstrate clear and wide-ranging differences between organic and conventional fruits, vegetables and cereals.
根据迄今为止最全面的科学分析，有机食品比普通食品含有更多与更好的健康相关的抗氧化剂（抗氧化剂）化合物。由纽卡斯尔大学（Newcastle University）的一位教授领导的这项工作背后的国际团队得出结论，有机食品中存在“具有统计学意义、有意义”的差异，有机食品中的抗氧化剂范围“要高得多”。抗氧化剂水平的增加相当于“建议每天食用的五份水果和蔬菜中的一份到两份”，因此在人类营养方面具有重要意义。这是第一项证明有机水果、蔬菜和谷物之间明显而广泛的差异的研究。

The Newcastle University’s research, published in the British Journal of Nutrition, is based on an analysis of 343 peer-reviewed studies from around the world – more than ever before – which examine differences between organic and conventional fruits, vegetables and cereals. The researchers conclude that many antioxidants have previously been linked to a reduced risk of chronic diseases such as cardiovascular diseases and certain cancers. But they also note that no long-term studies showing health benefits from a broad organic diet have yet been conducted.
纽卡斯尔大学的研究发表在《英国营养学杂志》上，基于对来自世界各地的 343 项同行评审研究的分析——比以往任何时候都更多——这些研究考察了有机水果、蔬菜和谷物与传统水果、蔬菜和谷物之间的差异。研究人员得出结论，许多抗氧化剂以前与降低患心血管疾病和某些癌症等慢性疾病的风险有关。但他们也指出，尚未进行任何长期研究显示广泛的有机饮食对健康有益。

The findings will bring to the boil a long-simmering (酝酿) debate over whether those differences in antioxidant levels mean organic food is better for people. A professor of nutrition at King’s College London, said, “The question is whether they are within natural variation, and whether they are nutritionally relevant.” According to him, the work of the Newcastle University’s professor had caused controversy in the past. He added that the research also showed organic cereals have less protein than conventional crops.
这些发现将引发一场酝酿 （酝酿） 的争论，即这些抗氧化剂水平的差异是否意味着有机食品对人类更好。伦敦国王学院的一位营养学教授说：“问题是它们是否在自然变异范围内，以及它们是否与营养相关。据他介绍，纽卡斯尔大学教授的工作过去曾引起争议。他补充说，该研究还表明，有机谷物的蛋白质含量低于传统作物。

The study is certain to encounter criticism. The inclusion of so many studies in the analysis could mean poor quality work distorts the results, although the team claimed that excluding weaker work did not significantly change the outcome. A further criticism is that the differences seen may result from different climate, soil types and crop varieties, and not from organic farming, though the researchers argue that combining many studies should average out these other differences.
这项研究肯定会遭到批评。在分析中纳入如此多的研究可能意味着低质量的工作会扭曲结果，尽管该团队声称排除较弱的工作并没有显着改变结果。进一步的批评是，所看到的差异可能是由不同的气候、土壤类型和作物品种引起的，而不是有机农业造成的，尽管研究人员认为，结合许多研究应该可以平均这些其他差异。

The greatest criticism, however, will be over the suggestions of potential health benefits. Several major studies show different results. One that reviewed 223 studies found little evidence that organic foods are significantly more nutritious than conventional foods. The professor at King’s College London said he was not persuaded by the Newcastle University’s study. “You are not going to be better nourished if you eat organic food,” he said. “What is most important is what you eat, not whether it’s organic or conventional. It’s whether you eat fruit and vegetables at all.”
然而，最大的批评将是关于潜在健康益处的建议。几项主要研究显示了不同的结果。一项审查了 223 项研究的研究发现，几乎没有证据表明有机食品比传统食品更有营养。伦敦国王学院（King's College London）的教授说，纽卡斯尔大学的研究不说服他。“如果你吃有机食品，你不会得到更好的营养，”他说。“最重要的是你吃什么，而不是它是有机的还是传统的。关键是你是否吃水果和蔬菜。

1. What does the research discussed in this passage conclude?
1. 本文讨论的研究得出什么结论？

A: Organic food contains higher levels of antioxidants than regular food.
答：有机食品的抗氧化剂含量高于普通食品。

B: The amount of protein in organic food is similar to that in regular food.
B： 有机食品中的蛋白质含量与普通食品中的蛋白质含量相似。

C: Antioxidants bear no direct links to a reduced risk of most cancers.
C：抗氧化剂与降低大多数癌症的风险没有直接联系。

D: Organic food provides twice as much nutrition as in regular food.
D：有机食品提供的营养是普通食品的两倍。

2. What will happen as a result of the publication of the Newcastle University study?
2. 纽卡斯尔大学研究发表后会发生什么？

A: More studies will investigate the benefits of antioxidants.
答：将有更多的研究调查抗氧化剂的好处。

B: More studies will examine the nutrition of traditional crops.
B：更多的研究将检查传统作物的营养。

C: The dispute over organic food will finally come to an end.
C：关于有机食品的争论终于要结束了。

D: The dispute over organic food will become more intense.
D：关于有机食品的争论将变得更加激烈。

3. What does the word “they” (Para. 3) refer to?
3. “他们”（第 3 段）一词指的是什么？

A: Differences between fruits and vegetables.
A： 水果和蔬菜的区别。

B: Differences between antioxidants and nutrition.
B：抗氧化剂和营养的差异。

C: Differences between organic food and regular food.
C：有机食品和普通食品的区别。

D: Differences between organic cereals and other foods.
D：有机谷物和其他食物的区别。

4. According to the article, why may the Newcastle University study encounter criticism?
4. 根据文章，为什么纽卡斯尔大学的研究可能会遇到批评？

A: Its results may not be valid due to the inclusion of poor-quality studies.
答：由于纳入了质量差的研究，其结果可能无效。

B: It results may not be accurate because of the variety of organic farming methods.
B：由于有机耕作方法多种多样，结果可能不准确。

C: Its results fails to prove any long-term health benefits of a broad organic diet.
C：它的结果未能证明广泛的有机饮食对健康有任何长期益处。

D: Its results fail to show the average effects of climate and soil on food production.
D：其结果未能显示气候和土壤对粮食生产的平均影响。

5. According to the professor at King’s College London, what should we do if we want better nutrition?
5. 根据伦敦国王学院的教授的说法，如果我们想要更好的营养，我们应该怎么做？

A: Include more organic foods than conventional foods in our meals.
答：在我们的膳食中加入比传统食物更多的有机食品。

B: Have a good amount of fruit and vegetables in our daily diet.
B：在我们的日常饮食中要有大量的水果和蔬菜。

C: Choose fruits and vegetables that contain more antioxidants.
C：选择含有更多抗氧化剂的水果和蔬菜。

D: Consume a mixture of organic foods and conventional ones.
D：食用有机食品和传统食品的混合物。

答案：ADCAB

阅读理解 3

The notion that the great apes, such as chimpanzees and gorillas, can imitate one another might seem unsurprising to anyone who has watched these animals playing at the zoo. But in scientific circles, the question of whether apes really do “ape” has become controversial.
黑猩猩和大猩猩等类人猿可以相互模仿，对于任何在动物园看过这些动物玩耍的人来说，这似乎并不奇怪。但在科学界，猿类是否真的会“猿”的问题一直存在争议。

Consider a young chimpanzee watching its mother crack open a coula nut, as has been observed in the Taï forest of West Africa. In most cases, the youth will eventually take up the practice itself. Was this because it imitated its mother? Skeptics think perhaps not. They argue that the mother’s attention to the nuts encouraged the youngster to focus on them as well. Once its attention had been drawn to the food, the young chimpanzee learned how to open the nut by trial and error, not by imitating its mother.
考虑一只年轻的黑猩猩看着它的母亲敲开一个库拉坚果，就像在西非的 Taï 森林中观察到的那样。在大多数情况下，年轻人最终会接受这种练习本身。这是因为它模仿了它的母亲吗？怀疑论者认为也许不是。他们争辩说，母亲对坚果的关注鼓励了孩子也关注它们。一旦它的注意力被食物吸引，年轻的黑猩猩就通过反复试验学会了如何打开坚果，而不是通过模仿它的母亲。

Such a distinction has important implications for any discussion of chimpanzee cultures. Some scientists define a cultural trait as one that has passed down not by genetic inheritance but instead when the younger generation copies adult behavior. If cracking open a coula nut is something that chimpanzees can simply figure out how to do on their own once they hold a hammer stone, then it can’t be considered part of their culture. Furthermore, if these animals learn exclusively by trial and error, then chimpanzees must, in a sense, reinvent the wheel each time they tackle a new skill. No cumulative culture can ever develop.
这种区别对任何关于黑猩猩文化的讨论都有重要的意义。一些科学家将文化特征定义为不是通过基因遗传而是年轻一代复制成人行为而遗传的文化特征。如果敲开库拉坚果是黑猩猩拿着锤石就能自己弄清楚怎么做的事情，那么它就不能被视为他们文化的一部分。此外，如果这些动物完全通过反复试验来学习，那么从某种意义上说，黑猩猩每次掌握一项新技能时都必须重新发明轮子。任何累积的文化都不可能发展。

The clearest way to establish how chimpanzees learn is through laboratory experiments. A team of scientists at Goldsmith’s College, University of London, constructed artificial fruits to serve as analogues (类似物) of those the animals must deal with in the wild. In a typical experiment, one group of chimpanzees watched a complex technique for opening a fruit, while a second group observed a very different method. Then the researchers recorded the extent to which the chimpanzees had been influenced by the method they observed. They also conducted similar experiments with three-year-old human children as subjects. The results demonstrate that six-year-old chimpanzees show imitative behavior markedly similar to that seen in the human children, although the preciseness of their copying tends to be poorer.
确定黑猩猩如何学习的最明确方法是通过实验室实验。伦敦大学金史密斯学院 （Goldsmith's College， University of London） 的一个科学家团队制作了人造水果，作为动物在野外必须处理的类似物（analogues）。在一个典型的实验中，一组黑猩猩观察了一种打开水果的复杂技术，而另一组则观察到了一种非常不同的方法。然后，研究人员记录了黑猩猩受他们观察到的方法影响的程度。他们还以 3 岁的人类儿童为受试者进行了类似的实验。结果表明，六岁的黑猩猩表现出与人类儿童明显相似的模仿行为，尽管它们复制的精确性往往较差。

More interestingly, in another experiment, chimpanzees copied an entire sequence of actions for cracking a nut they had witnessed, but did so only after trying some alternatives. This suggests that they tended to imitate what they had observed others doing at the expense of their own trial-and-error discoveries.
更有趣的是，在另一个实验中，黑猩猩复制了他们目睹的敲碎坚果的一整套动作，但只有在尝试了一些替代方案后才这样做。这表明他们倾向于模仿他们观察到的其他人所做的事情，而牺牲了他们自己的试错发现。

In the researchers’ view, these findings taken together suggest that apes do ape and that this ability forms one strand in cultural transmission. In other words, learning from elders is crucial to growing up as a competent wild chimpanzee.
在研究人员看来，这些发现综合起来表明，猿类确实会猿，而且这种能力构成了文化传播的一个环节。换句话说，向长辈学习对于成长为一只有能力的野生黑猩猩至关重要。

1. What does the word “ape” (Para. 1) probably mean?
1. “ape”（第 1 段）这个词可能是什么意思？

A: Play at the zoo.
A： 在动物园玩耍。

B: Crack a nut.
B：敲碎一个坚果。

C: Imitate.
C：模仿。

2. What is suggested if a wild chimpanzee cracks a nut solely by trial and error?
2. 如果野生黑猩猩仅通过反复试验就能敲碎坚果，我们会有什么建议？

A: The skill is genetically inherited.
答：这项技能是遗传的。

B: The skill is learned from others.
B：技能是从别人那里学到的。

C: The skill is unique to wild animals.
C：这个技能是野生动物独有的。

D: The skill is part of the animal’s culture.
D：这项技能是动物文化的一部分。

3. What do results from the experiment discussed in Para. 4 show?
3. 第 4 段中讨论的实验结果显示了什么？

A: Chimpanzees copy their elders in a way totally different from how children do.
答：黑猩猩模仿长辈的方式与儿童完全不同。

B: Chimpanzees do imitate although they do not copy as accurately as children do.
B：黑猩猩确实会模仿，尽管它们复制的精度不如儿童。

C: Chimpanzees have no ability to imitate although they can open fruits skillfully.
C：黑猩猩虽然能熟练地打开果实，但没有模仿的能力。

D: Chimpanzees are not influenced by the behavior they observe in human beings.
D：黑猩猩不受它们在人类身上观察到的行为的影响。

4. What can we conclude from the passage?
4. 我们可以从这段经文得出什么结论？

A: Chimpanzees in the wild are less likely to learn through trial-and-error.
答：野外的黑猩猩不太可能通过试错来学习。

B: Cultural transmission happens at the expense of individual discoveries.
B：文化传播是以牺牲个人发现为代价的。

C: Chimpanzees in a zoo are better imitators than those in the wild.
C：动物园里的黑猩猩比野外的黑猩猩更善于模仿。

D: Cultural transmission exists in the cultures of wild chimpanzees.
D：野生黑猩猩的文化中存在文化传播。

5. What is the main purpose of the passage?
5. 这段话的主要目的是什么？

A: To answer a scientific question by providing research findings.
答：通过提供研究结果来回答科学问题。

B: To explain the procedure of food-gathering used by wild animals.
B：解释野生动物采集食物的程序。

C: To illustrate an experiment procedure by giving specific examples.
C：通过给出具体示例来说明实验过程。

D: To compare the differences between animal culture and human culture.
D：比较动物文化和人类文化之间的差异。

答案：CABDA

阅读理解 4

Reality television is a genre of television programming which presents dramatic or humorous situations without any pre-written script, documents actual events, and features ordinary people rather than professional actors. It could be described as a form of “heightened” documentary, in which the camera captures everything as it happens, whether the show takes place in a real setting with real people, is shot in front of a live studio audience that participates in the program, or uses hidden surveillance (监控). Reality TV covers a wide range of formats, from game or quiz shows to productions that focus on careful observation of the participants. Although the genre has existed in some form or another since the early years of television, the current explosion of popularity started in the beginning of this century.
真人秀节目是一种电视节目类型，它呈现戏剧性或幽默的场景，没有任何预先编写的剧本，记录真实事件，并以普通人而不是专业演员为主角。它可以被描述为一种 “高度化 ”的纪录片形式，其中摄像机捕捉到发生的一切，无论节目是在真实的环境中与真实的人一起进行，是在参与节目的现场演播室观众面前拍摄，还是使用隐藏的监视（监控）。真人秀涵盖多种格式，从游戏或问答节目到注重仔细观察参与者的作品。尽管该类型自电视早期就以某种形式存在，但目前的流行爆炸式增长始于本世纪初。

Critics comment that the term “reality television” is something of a misnomer. Such programs do not actually present reality as it is, but rather show a modified and highly influenced form of reality. The participants are often put in exotic locations or unusual situations, and sometimes even coached to act in certain ways by off-screen handlers. The events on screen are also manipulated through editing and other post-production techniques.
批评者评论说，“真人秀电视”这个词有点用词不当。这样的程序实际上并没有按原样呈现现实，而是展示了一种经过修改且受到高度影响的现实形式。参与者经常被置于异国情调的地方或不寻常的情境，有时甚至由屏幕外的处理者指导以某种方式行事。屏幕上的事件也通过编辑和其他后期制作技术进行处理。

Part of reality television’s appeal lies in its ability to place ordinary people in extraordinary situations. For example, in one popular adventure game show, several teams race around the world, solving challenges to discover the next destination of their journey. They deduce clues, navigate in foreign streets, interact with locals, and travel by airplane, boat, taxi, and other modes of transport on a limited budget. Reality television also gives ordinary people opportunities to show their talent and achieve their dreams of performing on stage, especially in talent and performance programs.
真人秀节目的部分吸引力在于它能够将普通人置于非凡的境地。例如，在一个流行的冒险游戏节目中，几个团队在世界各地比赛，解决挑战以发现他们旅程的下一个目的地。他们推断线索，在外国街道上导航，与当地人互动，并在有限的预算内乘坐飞机、轮船、出租车和其他交通方式旅行。真人秀还为普通人提供了展示才华和实现舞台表演梦想的机会，尤其是在才艺和表演节目中。

Some critics have said that the name “reality television” is an inaccurate description for several styles of program included in the genre because the producers and editors have a lot of say in what happens on the show. In competition-based programs and other special-living-environment shows, the producers design the format of the show and control the day-to-day activities and the environment. These types of shows create a completely fabricated (虚构的) world in which the competition plays out. Producers specifically select the participants, and use carefully designed scenarios, challenges, events and settings to encourage particular behaviors and conflicts. Mark Burnett, creator of Survivor and other reality shows, agrees with this comment and avoids the word “reality” to describe his shows. He once said, “I tell good stories. It really is not reality TV. It really is unscripted drama.”
一些评论家说，“真人秀 ”这个名字对该类型中包含的几种风格的节目的描述是不准确的，因为制片人和编辑对节目中发生的事情有很大的发言权。在基于比赛的节目和其他特殊生活环境节目中，制片人设计节目的形式并控制日常活动和环境。这些类型的节目创造了一个完全虚构的 （虚构的） 世界，其中竞争展开。制作人专门选择参与者，并使用精心设计的场景、挑战、事件和设置来鼓励特定的行为和冲突。Survivor 和其他真人秀节目的创作者 Mark Burnett 同意这一评论，并避免使用“现实”一词来描述他的节目。他曾经说过，“我讲好故事。它真的不是真人秀。这真的是无剧本的戏剧。

1. What is a unique feature of reality television?
1. 真人秀节目有什么独特之处？

A: It presents pre-scripted situations played by professional actors.
答：它呈现了由专业演员扮演的预先编写的场景。

B: It documents ordinary people engaged in real-life activities.
B：它记录了从事现实生活中活动的普通人。

C: It features humorous scenes in famous television shows.
C：它以著名电视节目中的幽默场景为特色。

D: It projects exciting performing events in a live studio
D：它在现场工作室中投射激动人心的表演活动

2. What does the author mean by using the word “misnomer” in Para. 2?
2. 提交人在第 2 段中使用“用词不当”一词是什么意思？

A: Reality television contains exotic situations modified by the participants.
答：真人秀节目包含由参与者修改的异国情调。

B: Reality television presents unusual events in ordinary life situations.
B：真人秀节目在日常生活中呈现不寻常的事件。

C: Reality television does not present real-life scenes faithfully.
C：真人秀节目并没有忠实地呈现现实生活中的场景。

D: Reality television does not use any post-production editing.
D：真人秀节目不使用任何后期制作编辑。

3. Why does the author mention an adventure game show in Para. 3?
3. 为什么作者在第 3 段中提到一个冒险游戏节目？

A: To explain why reality television attracts people.
答：解释为什么真人秀节目吸引人。

B: To show how reality television presents daily events.
B：展示真人秀如何呈现日常事件。

C: To illustrate what ordinary people can do on the screen.
C：为了说明普通人在屏幕上可以做什么。

D: To describe how participants compete in talent programs.
D：描述参与者如何在人才计划中竞争。

4. What is a reason why some people think “reality television” is an inaccurate term?
4. 有些人认为“真人秀”是一个不准确的术语的原因是什么？

A: The producers have no control at all over events and settings.
答：制作人对事件和设置完全没有控制权。

B: The programs are designed to reflect challenges in real life.
B：这些课程旨在反映现实生活中的挑战。

C: The activities are situated in a natural living environment.
C：这些活动位于自然的生活环境中。

D: The participants are guided to behave in a particular way.
D：引导参与者以特定的方式行事。

5. What does the author mainly discuss?
5. 作者主要讨论什么？

A: The correct definition of invented reality.
答：虚构现实的正确定义。

B: The unknown history of television studios.
B：电视制片厂的未知历史。

C: The distinctive features of reality television.
C：真人秀的显著特点。

D: The continuing popularity of documentaries.
D：纪录片的持续流行。

答案：BCADC

Unit 5
单元 5

阅读理解 5

In case anyone needs another reason to love chocolate, a new study suggests that a group of natural compounds found in cocoa, as well as in tea and some vegetables, can reverse age-related memory loss. The findings suggest that the compound increases connectivity and, subsequently, blood flow in a region of the brain critical to memory, the researchers said.
如果有人需要另一个理由来爱巧克力，一项新的研究表明，在可可、茶和一些蔬菜中发现的一组天然化合物可以逆转与年龄相关的记忆丧失。研究人员说，这些发现表明，这种化合物增加了大脑中对记忆至关重要的区域的连通性，并随后增加了血液流动。

The study – published online in Nature Neuroscience and partly financed by a chocolate company – found that flavanols reverse mild memory loss in older adults. Using brain scans and memory tests, this research study built upon previous work showing that flavanols extracted from cocoa beans had improved neuronal connections in mice’s dentate gyrus, a region of the hippocampus (海马体) involved in memory formation.
这项研究——在线发表在《自然神经科学》上，部分由一家巧克力公司资助——发现黄烷醇可以逆转老年人的轻度记忆丧失。这项研究使用脑部扫描和记忆测试，建立在先前工作的基础上，表明从可可豆中提取的黄烷醇改善了小鼠齿状回的神经元连接，齿状回是海马体（海马体）参与记忆形成的一个区域。

But don’t go feasting on a mountain of chocolate bars just yet! The researchers also warn that the compound found in cocoa exists only in minuscule amounts in the average chocolate bar compared with the amount used in the study, so gorging (狼吞虎咽) on chocolate in the name of health and improving one’s memory could backfire. This is because most cocoa-processing methods in use today remove many of the flavanols found in cocoa.
但先不要去吃堆积如山的巧克力棒！研究人员还警告说，与研究中使用的量相比，可可中发现的化合物在普通巧克力棒中的含量微乎其微，因此以健康和提高记忆力的名义狼吞虎咽巧克力可能会适得其反。这是因为当今使用的大多数可可加工方法都去除了可可中的许多黄烷醇。

“It would make a lot of people happy, but it would also make them unhealthy,” said one of the researchers, who is a professor of neurology and director of the Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center at the Taub Institute at Columbia University Medical Center.
“这会让很多人开心，但也会让他们不健康，”其中一名研究人员说，他是哥伦比亚大学医学中心陶布研究所（Taub Institute at Columbia University Medical Center）的神经学教授和阿尔茨海默病研究中心（Alzheimer's Disease Research Center）主任。

The professor said that even more importantly, the new study offers the first direct evidence that memory deteriorates with age because of changes in the dentate gyrus. Previous studies had shown a link between changes in this region of the brain and normal, age-related memory loss, but the Columbia University study asserts a causal link.
这位教授说，更重要的是，这项新研究提供了第一个直接证据，证明由于齿状回的变化，记忆力会随着年龄的增长而恶化。以前的研究表明，大脑这个区域的变化与正常的、与年龄相关的记忆丧失之间存在联系，但哥伦比亚大学的研究断言存在因果关系。

The study involved 37 healthy subjects who ranged in age from 50 to 69. The researchers said that if a person had the memory of a typical 60-year-old at the beginning of the study, on average that person’s memory would function more like a 30- or 40-year-old’s after three months of being given a high-flavanol diet, consuming 900 milligrams a day. They said the typical candy bar contains only about 40mg of flavanols. They also cautioned that more work is needed because of the study’s small sample size.
该研究涉及 37 名年龄在 50 至 69 岁之间的健康受试者。研究人员表示，如果一个人在研究开始时具有典型 60 岁的记忆，那么在接受高黄烷醇饮食三个月后，每天摄入 900 毫克，该人的记忆功能会更像 30 岁或 40 岁的人。他们说，典型的糖果棒只含有大约 40 毫克的黄烷醇。他们还警告说，由于该研究的样本量小，还需要做更多的工作。

The compound appears to enhance connectivity and metabolic activity in the dentate gyrus. Aging appears to reduce the connections between neurons in that part of the brain. That decline, according to the Columbia University professor, however, is not related to severe memory loss and cell death in Alzheimer’s disease or other dementias (老年性痴呆).
该化合物似乎增强了齿状回的连接和代谢活性。衰老似乎会减少大脑该部分神经元之间的连接。然而，根据这位哥伦比亚大学教授的说法，这种下降与阿尔茨海默病或其他痴呆症（老年性痴呆）的严重记忆丧失和细胞死亡无关。

1. According to the passage, how do flavanols affect the human brain?
1. 根据这段话，黄烷醇是如何影响人脑的？

A: They trigger mild memory loss in older adults.
答：它们会引发老年人的轻度记忆丧失。

B: They improve blood flow in one region of the brain.
B：它们改善大脑某个区域的血液流动。

C: They modify the process of connecting memories.
C：它们改变了连接记忆的过程。

D: They reverse the neuronal activities of memory formation.
D：它们逆转了记忆形成的神经元活动。

【小题答案】B

2. What does the Columbia University professor think of eating lots of chocolate bars?
2. 哥伦比亚大学教授如何看待吃大量的巧克力棒？

A: It is unhealthy because it doesn’t provide many good compounds.
答：它不健康，因为它没有提供很多好的化合物。

B: It is undesirable because it doesn’t block the feeling of hunger.
B：这是不可取的，因为它不会阻挡饥饿感。

C: It is advisable because it satisfies the body’s need for calories.
C：这是可取的，因为它满足了身体对卡路里的需求。

D: It is beneficial because it enhances one’s sense of happiness.
D： 这是有益的，因为它可以提高一个人的幸福感。

【小题答案】A

3. In what way is the new study different from previous ones?
3. 这项新研究与以前的研究有何不同？

A: It contains tests on both humans and animals.
答：它包含对人类和动物的测试。

B: It studies both older and middle-aged subjects.
B：它研究老年和中年受试者。

C: It brought to light links between different brain areas.
C：它揭示了不同大脑区域之间的联系。

D: It proves the cause of age-related memory loss.
D：这证明了与年龄相关的记忆丧失的原因。

【小题答案】D

4. What may serve as an improvement over the new study?
4. 与新研究相比，什么可能有什么改进？

A: A study that contains a larger number of subjects.
答：包含大量受试者的研究。

B: A study that tests a younger group of subjects.
B：一项测试年轻受试者群体的研究。

C: A study that lasts for a longer period of time.
C：持续时间较长的研究。

D: A study that uses a larger amount of cocoa.
D：一项使用大量可可的研究。

【小题答案】A

5. In which situation can age-related memory loss be prevented?
5. 在什么情况下可以预防与年龄相关的记忆丧失？

A: A low-flavanol diet is maintained for three months or longer.
答：低黄烷醇饮食可以维持三个月或更长时间。

B: The links between certain types of neurons in the brain are cut off.
B：大脑中某些类型的神经元之间的联系被切断。

C: Connections between neurons in a certain part of the brain increase.
C：大脑某个部位的神经元之间的连接增加。

D: Cell death and metabolic activity occur slowly in the dentate gyrus.
D：细胞死亡和代谢活动在齿状回中缓慢发生。

【小题答案】C

阅读理解 6

A professor of philosophy at the University of Nottingham once argued that we ought not to claim that literature improves us as people, because there is no “compelling evidence that suggests people are morally or socially better for reading Tolstoy” or other great books.
诺丁汉大学的一位哲学教授曾经认为，我们不应该声称文学改善了我们作为人，因为没有“令人信服的证据表明人们在道德或社会上更适合阅读托尔斯泰”或其他伟大著作。

Actually, there is such evidence. Two scholars, one being a psychologist at York University in Canada and the other being a professor of cognitive psychology at the University of Toronto, reported their latest studies showing that individuals who often read fiction appear to be better able to understand other people, empathize (产生共鸣) with them and view the world from their perspective. This link persisted even after the researchers factored in the possibility that more empathetic individuals might choose to read more novels. A separate study conducted by the York University psychologist found a similar result in young children: the more stories they had read to them, the keener their “theory of mind”, or mental model of other people’s intentions.
其实，有这样的证据。两位学者，一位是加拿大约克大学的心理学家，另一位是多伦多大学的认知心理学教授，报告了他们的最新研究表明，经常阅读小说的人似乎能够更好地理解他人，同情他们（产生共鸣）并从他们的角度看世界。即使在研究人员考虑到更善解人意的人可能会选择阅读更多小说的可能性之后，这种联系仍然存在。约克大学心理学家进行的一项单独研究在幼儿中发现了类似的结果：他们读给他们听的故事越多，他们的“心智理论”或他人意图的心理模型就越敏锐。

Recent research in cognitive science, psychology and neuroscience has demonstrated that deep reading – slow, immersive, rich in sensory detail and emotional and moral complexity – is a distinctive experience. Deep reading is what we typically do when reading printed literature, and it is very different from the information-driven reading we do on the Web. Although deep reading does not, strictly speaking, require a conventional book, the built-in limits of the printed page are uniquely conducive to the deep reading experience. A book’s lack of hyperlinks allowing the reader to remain fully immersed in the narrative, without having to make such decisions as whether to click on a link or not.
认知科学、心理学和神经科学的最新研究表明，深度阅读——缓慢、身临其境、丰富的感官细节以及情感和道德复杂性——是一种独特的体验。深度阅读是我们阅读印刷文学时通常做的事情，它与我们在 Web 上进行的信息驱动阅读非常不同。虽然严格来说，深度阅读不需要一本传统的书，但印刷页面的内置限制对深度阅读体验非常有利。一本书没有超链接，让读者可以完全沉浸在叙述中，而不必做出是否点击链接等决定。

That immersion is supported by the way the brain handles language rich in detail, allusion and metaphor, by creating a mental representation that draws on the same brain regions that would be active if the scene were unfolding in real life. The emotional situations and moral dilemmas that are the stuff of literature are also vigorous exercise for the brain, propelling us inside the heads of fictional characters and even increasing our real-life capacity for empathy.
这种沉浸感得到了大脑处理具有丰富细节、典故和隐喻的语言的方式的支持，它创造了一种心理表征，该表征利用了与场景在现实生活中展开时相同的大脑区域。文学中的情感状况和道德困境也是对大脑的强烈锻炼，将我们推入虚构人物的脑海中，甚至增加了我们在现实生活中的同理心能力。

Unfortunately, this is not the type of reading many young people are doing today. Their reading, mostly done onscreen, is pragmatic (实际的) and instrumental. If we allow our children to believe that reading onscreen is all there is, we will have deprived them of an enjoyable and enlightening experience that will enlarge them as people. Instead of molding our education around young people’s attachment to digital devices and onscreen habits, we need to show them some place they’ve never been, a place only deep reading can take them to.
不幸的是，这不是今天许多年轻人正在做的阅读类型。他们的朗读大多在屏幕上完成，是务实的 （实际的） 和工具性的。如果我们让我们的孩子相信屏幕上的阅读就是一切，我们将剥夺他们愉快和有启发性的经历，这将使他们成为更大的人。与其围绕年轻人对数字设备的依恋和屏幕上的习惯来塑造我们的教育，不如向他们展示一些他们从未去过的地方，一个只有深度阅读才能带他们去的地方。

1. What did the professor at the University of Nottingham once argue?
1. 诺丁汉大学的教授曾经争论过什么？

A: Only good literature teaches important moral and social values.
答：只有好的文学才能教导重要的道德和社会价值观。

B: Only reading great books benefits people morally or socially.
B：只有阅读好书才能在道德或社会上对人们有益。

C: Reading fiction won’t make people better morally or socially.
C：阅读小说不会使人在道德或社交上变得更好。

D: Literature doesn’t demonstrate crucial social and moral values.
D：文学并没有展示关键的社会和道德价值观。

2. What do the latest studies of the two scholars mentioned in Para. 2 show?
2. 第 2 段提到的两位学者的最新研究显示了什么？

A: Reading fiction encourages people to be more persistent.
答：阅读小说可以鼓励人们更加坚持不懈。

B: Reading fiction helps people understand others better.
B：阅读小说有助于人们更好地了解他人。

C: Empathetic people have a better perspective on life.
C：善解人意的人对生活有更好的看法。

D: Empathetic people are more likely to read novels.
D：善解人意的人更有可能阅读小说。

3. What is unique about “deep reading”?
3. “深度阅读”有什么独特之处？

A: It inspires readers to choose from rich information.
答：它激发读者从丰富的信息中进行选择。

B: It allows readers to create sensory details slowly.
B：它允许读者慢慢地创造感官细节。

C: It requires readers to make complex decisions.
C：它要求读者做出复杂的决定。

D: It enables readers to stay absorbed in the story.
D：它使读者能够全神贯注于故事中。

4. What does the brain do in deep reading?
4. 深度阅读中的大脑是做什么的？

A: It processes the story in a book in a similar way as it does real-life scenes.
答：它处理书中故事的方式与处理现实生活中的场景类似。

B: It interprets emotional and moral dilemmas more vigorously than in real life.
B：它比现实生活中更有力地诠释了情感和道德困境。

C: It evokes mental representations of a story by simulating real-life experiences.
C：它通过模拟现实生活中的经历来唤起对故事的心理表征。

D: It recreates language rich in detail, allusion and metaphor.
D：它再现了丰富的细节、典故和隐喻的语言。

5. What can be learned about the author?
5. 关于作者，我们可以了解到什么？

A: He dislikes slow immersive reading involving moral dilemmas.
答：他不喜欢涉及道德困境的缓慢沉浸式阅读。

B: He opposes the increase of onscreen reading for students.
B：他反对增加学生的屏幕阅读。

C: He enjoys reading onscreen more than reading print books.
C：他更喜欢在屏幕上阅读，而不是阅读印刷书籍。

D: He supports education reforms in line with new technology.
D：他支持根据新技术进行教育改革。

答案：CBDAB

阅读理解 7

Though ocean-borne plastic trash has long been considered an indestructible environmental threat, scientists announced recently that some plastics actually decompose rapidly in the ocean. And, the researchers say, that’s not a good thing.
尽管海洋塑料垃圾长期以来一直被认为是坚不可摧的环境威胁，但科学家们最近宣布，一些塑料实际上会在海洋中迅速分解。而且，研究人员说，这不是一件好事。

A new study conducted by a team at Nihon University in Japan shows that degrading plastics are releasing potentially-toxic chemicals into the seas, possibly endangering ocean animals, and us. Scientists had previously thought plastics broke down only at very high temperatures and over hundreds of years. The researchers behind this study, however, found that plastic decomposes at cooler temperatures and faster than expected, within a year of the trash hitting the water.
日本日本大学的一个团队进行的一项新研究表明，降解的塑料正在向海洋中释放具有潜在毒性的化学物质，可能危及海洋动物和我们。科学家们以前认为塑料只有在非常高的温度下才会分解，并且需要数百年的时间。然而，这项研究背后的研究人员发现，塑料在垃圾落水后的一年内，在较低的温度下分解，并且分解速度比预期的要快。

The Japan-based team collected samples in waters from the U.S., Europe, India, Japan, and elsewhere. All the samples were found to contain compounds that derive from polystyrene (聚苯乙烯) – a common plastic used in disposable cutlery, Styrofoam (聚苯乙烯泡沫塑料), and DVD cases, among other things. These toxic compounds don’t occur naturally in the ocean, and the researchers thought plastic was the culprit.
这个位于日本的团队在美国、欧洲、印度、日本和其他地方的水域收集了样本。所有样本均含有源自聚苯乙烯 （聚苯乙烯） 的化合物，聚苯乙烯是一次性餐具、聚苯乙烯泡沫塑料和 DVD 盒等常用塑料。这些有毒化合物并不自然存在于海洋中，研究人员认为塑料是罪魁祸首。

The lead researcher of the team said that plastic should be considered a new source of chemical pollution in the ocean. The team later simulated the decomposition of polystyrene in the sea and found that it degraded at temperatures of 86 Fahrenheit (30 degrees Celsius). Left behind in the water were the same compounds detected in the ocean samples, such as bisphenol A (BPA) and styrene trimer. BPA, a chemical used in hard plastics such as reusable water bottles, has been shown to interfere with the reproductive systems of animals, while styrene trimer is a substance suspected of causing cancer.
该团队的首席研究员表示，塑料应被视为海洋中化学污染的新来源。该团队后来模拟了聚苯乙烯在海中的分解，发现它在 86 华氏度（30 摄氏度）的温度下会降解。留在水中的是海洋样品中检测到的相同化合物，例如双酚 A （BPA） 和苯乙烯三聚体。BPA 是一种用于可重复使用水瓶等硬塑料的化学物质，已被证明会干扰动物的生殖系统，而苯乙烯三聚体是一种被怀疑会导致癌症的物质。

About 44 percent of all seabirds eat plastic, apparently by mistake, sometimes with fatal effects. According to a 2008 study in the journal Environmental Research conducted by the Algalita Marine Research Foundation in California, the United States, 267 different marine species are affected by plastic garbage, with animals being known to swallow plastic bags, possibly mistaking them for jellyfish
大约 44% 的海鸟吃塑料，显然是误吃的，有时会产生致命的影响。根据美国加利福尼亚州 Algalita 海洋研究基金会 2008 年在《环境研究》杂志上进行的一项研究，267 种不同的海洋物种受到塑料垃圾的影响，已知动物会吞下塑料袋，可能会将它们误认为是水母

Now, the findings of the Japanese scientists suggest that sea animals also face the invisible threat of toxic, plastic-derived chemicals. The compounds can potentially cause cancer in humans, and simpler life-forms may be even more susceptible. These plastic-derived pollutants may also be prevalent throughout the water column and not just at the surface. Once Styrofoam, for example, breaks down, the tiny polystyrene components start to sink because they’re heavier than water. Plastic debris is estimated to disperse (分散) over millions of square miles of ocean and miles’ deep in the water column (水柱), and hence the damage caused by polystyrene components may be happening throughout all the oceans of the world.
现在，日本科学家的发现表明，海洋动物也面临着有毒塑料衍生化学物质的无形威胁。这些化合物可能会导致人类癌症，而更简单的生命形式可能更容易受到影响。这些塑料衍生的污染物也可能普遍存在于整个水柱中，而不仅仅是在表面。例如，一旦聚苯乙烯泡沫塑料分解，微小的聚苯乙烯成分就会开始下沉，因为它们比水重。据估计，塑料碎片会分散（分散）在数百万平方英里的海洋和数英里深的水柱中，因此聚苯乙烯成分造成的损害可能发生在世界所有海洋中。

1. What is one of the findings of the research team at Nihon University?
1. 日本大学研究团队的发现是什么？

A: Some plastics break down more rapidly in the ocean than previously thought.
答：有些塑料在海洋中的分解速度比以前想象的要快。

B: Chemicals in the ocean released by plastics become less toxic within a year.
B：塑料释放的海洋化学物质在一年内毒性会降低。

C: Plastics trash in the ocean decomposes only at very high temperatures.
C：海洋中的塑料垃圾只有在非常高的温度下才会分解。

D: Chemicals released by plastics are more toxic at cooler temperatures.
D： 塑料释放的化学物质在较低温度下毒性更大。

2. What does the underlined word “culprit” probably mean?
2. 带下划线的“罪魁祸首”一词可能是什么意思？

A: The act of disposing things at will.
A：随意处理物品的行为。

B: The sign of a predictable phenomenon.
B：可预测现象的标志。

C: The reason for something bad happening.
C：发生坏事的原因。

D: The need for maintaining a current situation.
D：需要维持现状。

3. What does the Japanese research team’s simulation study suggest?
3. 日本研究团队的模拟研究建议什么？

A: There are some other sources of chemical pollution in the ocean besides plastic.
答：除了塑料之外，海洋中还有一些其他的化学污染源。

B: The compounds in polystyrene are different from those found in the ocean.
B：聚苯乙烯中的化合物与海洋中的化合物不同。

C: It is very difficult for most plastics to break down in cool temperatures.
C： 大多数塑料在低温下很难分解。

D: Polystyrene is indeed the source of pollutants found in ocean waters.
D： 聚苯乙烯确实是海水中发现的污染物的来源。

4. For marine life, how is the threat of plastic-derived chemicals different from that of plastic bags?
4. 对于海洋生物来说，塑料衍生化学品的威胁与塑料袋的威胁有何不同？

A: It is much more severe.
答：情况要严重得多。

B: It causes no fatal effects.
B：它不会引起致命影响。

C: It exists only in the mid-ocean.
C：它只存在于海洋中。

D: It cannot be detected by the eye.
D：肉眼无法检测到。

5. What is estimated about the potential damage caused by plastic-derived pollutants?
5. 关于塑料衍生污染物可能造成的损害，估计是多少？

A: It may be happening just in areas near the surface of the ocean.
答：它可能只发生在靠近海洋表面的区域。

B: It may be taking place throughout the water column of the ocean.
B：它可能发生在海洋的整个水柱中。

C: It may be fatal for marine species living in warm areas of the ocean.
C：对于生活在海洋温暖地区的海洋物种来说，这可能是致命的。

D: It may be more serious in the deep water than at the surface of the ocean.
D：在深水中可能比在海洋表面更严重。

【小题答案】B

阅读理解 8

Attention training might beat language practice in treating dyslexia (诵读困难), and video games might provide just that, according to a recent study published in Current Biology. Neuroscientists from the University of Padua in Italy found that playing fast-paced video games could help improve dyslexic children’s reading speed, and the improvements did not fade with time.
根据最近发表在《当代生物学》（Current Biology）上的一项研究，注意力训练在治疗阅读困难方面可能胜过语言练习，而电子游戏可能恰好提供了这一点。意大利帕多瓦大学的神经科学家发现，玩快节奏的电子游戏可以帮助提高阅读障碍儿童的阅读速度，而且这种改善并没有随着时间的推移而消失。

The researchers tested the reading ability of two groups of 10-year-old dyslexic children after one group had played action video games and the other played non-action video games. Each group was composed of 10 children who played 80 minutes of video games a day for nine days, equaling 12 hours of play per child. Their reading skills were measured on a number of factors, including how fast they read words and how accurately they read them. Scientists aimed to prove that there’s a correlation between a dyslexic child’s visual attention span and their ability to read.
研究人员测试了两组 10 岁阅读障碍儿童的阅读能力，其中一组玩了动作视频游戏，另一组玩了非动作视频游戏。每组由 10 名儿童组成，他们每天玩 80 分钟的电子游戏，持续 9 天，相当于每个孩子玩 12 小时。他们的阅读技能是根据许多因素来衡量的，包括他们阅读单词的速度和阅读的准确性。科学家们旨在证明阅读障碍儿童的视觉注意力持续时间与他们的阅读能力之间存在相关性。

According to the researchers, action video games are distinguished from non-action video games by such characteristics as game speed, a high sensory-motor load, and presentation of multiple, peripheral (外围的) stimuli. Action video game players constantly receive both external and internal feedback on their performance, producing learning.
据研究人员称，动作视频游戏与非动作视频游戏的区别在于游戏速度、高感觉运动负荷和呈现多种外围（外围的）刺激等特性。动作视频游戏玩家不断收到有关其表现的外部和内部反馈，从而产生学习效果。

It turned out that the assumptions of researchers were correct. Action video game players out-performed their non-action peers in terms of how much they improved. Only action game kids showed general reading gains – up to 40% – while non-action readers showed no improvement. The action gamers also improved their basic text reading by as much as 60%, while non-action gamers showed a more modest 5–10% gain. These improvements lasted at least two months, which means they are not just short-term or temporary. The improvements even exceed the expected gains that naturally occur in a year’s intense, traditional therapies, which usually focus on building language skills.
事实证明，研究人员的假设是正确的。动作视频游戏玩家在进步程度方面优于非动作游戏玩家。只有动作游戏儿童的阅读能力普遍提高 – 高达 40% – 而非动作阅读者则没有表现出改善。动作游戏玩家的基本文本阅读能力也提高了 60%，而非动作游戏玩家的增益则为 5-10%。这些改善至少持续了两个月，这意味着它们不仅仅是短期或暂时的。这些改善甚至超过了一年高强度传统疗法自然出现的预期收益，这些疗法通常侧重于培养语言技能。

Though small, the study bolsters evidence that dyslexia stems in part from problems in focusing attention onto letters and words in an orderly way. Because action video games require players to constantly redirect their attention to different targets, the researchers thought the video games might fine-tune the players’ attention focus so as to avoid jumbling letters on a page.
虽然规模较小，但这项研究支持了阅读障碍部分源于无法有序地将注意力集中在字母和单词上的问题。由于动作视频游戏要求玩家不断将注意力重定向到不同的目标，因此研究人员认为视频游戏可能会微调玩家的注意力焦点，以避免页面上的字母混乱。

More research is needed to nail down the specific role that action games play in the improvements, but the researchers claimed their data is the start. Their findings show that attention can be studied and efficiently trained during infancy, and hence pave the way for low-resource-demanding early-prevention programs that could drastically reduce the incident of reading disorders. Although they do not advocate abandoning the older methods of treating dyslexic children, the researchers believe that training visual attention could be a vital, overlooked component.
需要更多的研究来确定动作游戏在改进中发挥的具体作用，但研究人员声称他们的数据只是一个开始。他们的研究结果表明，可以在婴儿期研究和有效地训练注意力，从而为低资源需求的早期预防计划铺平道路，从而大大减少阅读障碍的发生。尽管他们不主张放弃治疗阅读障碍儿童的旧方法，但研究人员认为，训练视觉注意力可能是一个重要的、被忽视的组成部分。

1. What does the recent study by Italian neuroscientists show?
1. 意大利神经科学家最近的研究显示了什么？

A: Traditional therapies do better than video games in helping children read.
答：传统疗法在帮助儿童阅读方面比电子游戏效果更好。

B: Playing action video games can effectively treat children’s reading disorders.
B：玩动作电子游戏可以有效治疗儿童阅读障碍。

C: Children prefer fast-paced video games to low-speed ones in their reading class.
C：孩子们在阅读课上更喜欢快节奏的电子游戏，而不是低速的游戏。

D: The positive effects of playing action video games gradually get weaker over time.
D：随着时间的推移，玩动作视频游戏的积极影响会逐渐减弱。

2. What did the researchers do in their study?
2. 研究人员在他们的研究中做了什么？

A: They trained children with reading difficulties to read words fast and accurately.
答：他们训练有阅读困难的孩子快速准确地阅读单词。

B: They compared the speed and sensory-motor load in action and non-action games.
B：他们比较了动作游戏和非动作游戏中的速度和感觉运动负荷。

C: They measured the effects of playing different types of video games on reading skills.
C：他们测量了玩不同类型的电子游戏对阅读技能的影响。

D: They taught children to play different types of video games for several hours each day.
D：他们教孩子们每天玩几个小时不同类型的电子游戏。

3. What assumption did results of the study confirm?
3. 研究结果证实了什么假设？

A: Action video games have higher game speeds than non-action video games.
答：动作视频游戏的游戏速度高于非动作视频游戏。

B: Action video games provide players with feedback that facilitates learning.
B：动作视频游戏为玩家提供有助于学习的反馈。

C: Reading difficulties are closely related to intense playing of video games.
C：阅读困难与激烈玩电子游戏密切相关。

D: Reading difficulties are caused by both external and internal factors.
D： 阅读困难是由外部和内部因素共同引起的。

4. What can be inferred from the last paragraph?
4. 从最后一段可以推断出什么？

A: Prevention programs aimed at treating children’s reading disorders normally demand lots of resources.
答：旨在治疗儿童阅读障碍的预防计划通常需要大量资源。

B: The best time for children to learn how to pay attention and read effectively is during infancy.
B：孩子学习如何有效集中注意力和阅读的最佳时间是在婴儿期。

C: The specific roles of action video games in improving reading speed have been studied for a long time.
C：动作电子游戏在提高阅读速度方面的具体作用已经研究了很长时间。

D: Traditional therapies for dyslexic children must be abandoned now because of their low effectiveness.
D：现在必须放弃针对阅读障碍儿童的传统疗法，因为它们的效果很低。

5. What is the main idea about the passage?
5. 这段经文的主要思想是什么？

A: Fast-paced video games may decrease dyslexic children’s attention to text.
答：快节奏的电子游戏可能会降低阅读障碍儿童对文本的注意力。

B: Fast-paced video games must present rich images in order to produce learning.
B：快节奏的视频游戏必须呈现丰富的图像才能产生学习效果。

C: Attention training for dyslexic children should focus on building language skills.
C：对阅读障碍儿童的注意力训练应侧重于培养语言技能。

D: Attention training through playing certain video games can treat reading disorders.
D：通过玩某些电子游戏进行注意力训练可以治疗阅读障碍。

答案：BCBAD

Unit 6
第 6 单元

阅读理解 9

The energy crisis, which is being felt around the world, has shown how the careless use of the earth’s resources has brought the whole world to the brink of disaster. The over-development of motor transport, with more cars, more highways, more pollution, more suburbs, and more commuting, has contributed to the near-destruction of our cities, the breakup of the family, and the pollution not only of local air but also of the earth’s atmosphere. The disaster has arrived in the form of the energy crisis.
全世界都在感受到能源危机，这表明对地球资源的粗心使用如何将整个世界推向灾难的边缘。汽车运输的过度发展，汽车、高速公路、污染、郊区和通勤的增加，导致了我们的城市几近毁灭，家庭破裂，不仅污染了当地的空气，还污染了地球的大气。灾难以能源危机的形式到来。

Our present situation is unlike war, revolution, or depression. It is also unlike the great natural disasters of the past. The exploitation of worldwide resources and energy use have brought us to a state where long-range planning is essential. What we need is not a continuation of our present serious state, which endangers the future of our country, our children, and our earth, but a movement forward to a new norm in order to work rapidly and effectively on planetary problems.
我们目前的状况与战争、革命或萧条不同。它也不同于过去的重大自然灾害。对全球资源的开发和能源的使用使我们达到了长期规划至关重要的状态。我们需要的不是继续我们目前的严重状态，它危及我们国家、我们的孩子和我们的地球的未来，而是向一种新的常态迈进，以便迅速有效地解决地球问题。

To deal with the energy crisis, all parts of society need to be involved – not just governments, but also all non-governmental organizations and individuals. Initiatives and programs that are practical and educational enough should be in place to enlist (争取) the devotion of all. In the past people only found themselves able to devote themselves wholeheartedly to defense of their own country and their own ideals. This is the first time that we have been asked to defend ourselves and what we hold dear in cooperation with all the other inhabitants of this planet, who share with us the same endangered air and the same endangered oceans. There is a common need to reassess our present course, to change that course and to devise new methods through which the world can survive. This is a priceless opportunity.
为了应对能源危机，社会各界都需要参与进来——不仅仅是政府，还有所有非政府组织和个人。应该制定足够实用和有教育意义的倡议和计划，以争取（争取）所有人的奉献精神。在过去，人们只能全心全意地投身于保卫自己的国家和自己的理想。这是我们第一次被要求与这个星球上的所有其他居民合作，保护我们自己和我们所珍视的东西，他们与我们有着同样的濒危空气和同样濒危的海洋。我们共同需要重新评估我们目前的路线，改变这条路线，并设计出世界能够生存的新方法。这是一个无价的机会。

To grasp this opportunity we need a widespread understanding of nature. The crisis confronting us – and the world – is a crisis that is not merely a passing inconvenience, nor a by-product of the ambitions of the oil-producing countries or indeed of any present system of government. What we face is the outcome of the invention of the last four hundred years. What we need is a transformed lifestyle – one which can flow directly from science and technology. The acceptance of this lifestyle depends on a sincere devotion to finding a higher quality of life for the world’s children and future generation.
为了抓住这个机会，我们需要对自然有广泛的了解。我们——以及世界——面临的危机是一场危机，它不仅仅是一时的不便，也不是产油国雄心壮志的副产品，或者实际上是任何现有政府制度的副产品。我们面临的是过去四百年发明的结果。我们需要的是一种转变的生活方式——一种可以直接源于科学和技术的生活方式。接受这种生活方式取决于为世界儿童和子孙后代寻找更高质量生活的真诚奉献。

1. What is the first paragraph mainly about?
1. 第一段主要是关于什么的？

A: The excessive growth of motor transport.
答：汽车运输的过度增长。

B: The problems faced by modern cities.
B：现代城市面临的问题。

C: The seriousness of air pollution.
C：空气污染的严重性。

D: The causes of the energy crisis.
D：能源危机的原因。

2. According to the author in Para. 2, what do we need at present?
2. 根据第 2 段中的作者，我们目前需要什么？

A: continuation of our present state.
A： 延续我们目前的状态。

B: A redesign of our long-range planning.
B：重新设计我们的长期规划。

C: A new norm to solve planetary problems.
C：解决地球问题的新常态。

D: An assessment of the world’s energy use.
D：对世界能源使用情况的评估。

3. What does the author want to emphasize by the underlined sentence in Para. 3?
3. 第 3 段中带下划线的句子作者想强调什么？

A: The lack of practical initiatives to engage people.
答：缺乏吸引人们的实际举措。

B: The significance of the crisis we are faced with.
B：我们面临的危机的重要性。

C: The need to involve more people in the energy crisis.
C：需要让更多人参与能源危机。

D: The glory of defending one’s own country and ideals.
D：保卫自己的国家和理想的光荣。

4. The author implies that dealing with the energy crisis is a priceless opportunity ________.
4. 作者暗示，应对能源危机是一个无价的机会________。

A: for environmentalists to reduce their fear
答：环保人士要减少恐惧

B: for the world to work together for a common goal
B：让全世界为共同的目标共同努力

C: for people to learn to defend themselves and others
C：让人们学会保护自己和他人

D: for us to reassess the outcome of human inventions
D：让我们重新评估人类发明的结果

5. According to the last paragraph, what contribution should people now make?
5. 根据最后一段，人们现在应该做出什么贡献？

A: Accepting a new lifestyle.
答：接受新的生活方式。

B: Pursuing a higher quality of life.
B：追求更高的生活质量。

C: Developing science and technology.
C：发展科学和技术。

D: Overcoming various inconveniences.
D：克服各种不便。

答案：DCCBA

阅读理解 10

When we go to the grocery store and buy products, we interact with different forms of food packaging, such as plastic, glass, and cans, among others. Food packaging plays a role in safety, convenience, and efficiency, while also allowing the display of product information. It also acts to block light and protect nutrients and colors in food products, keeping foods’ quality.
当我们去杂货店购买产品时，我们会与不同形式的食品包装互动，例如塑料、玻璃和罐头等。食品包装在安全、便利和效率方面发挥着作用，同时还允许显示产品信息。它还起到阻挡光线和保护食品中的营养成分和颜色的作用，保持食品的质量。

Paper packaging can date back to the 1st or 2nd century BCE, when it was used by the Chinese to wrap their food. Paper is a versatile packaging material, with uses for all types of products, including dry goods, fresh meat and vegetables, and frozen food. Paper is light, permeable (有渗透性的) and made from renewable sources. Most of the paper used for food packaging can also be recycled.
纸质包装的历史可以追溯到公元前 1 世纪或 2 世纪，当时中国人用它来包装食物。纸张是一种用途广泛的包装材料，可用于所有类型的产品，包括干货、新鲜肉类和蔬菜以及冷冻食品。纸张重量轻、透气性强（有渗透性的），由可再生资源制成。用于食品包装的大部分纸张也可以回收利用。

Glass, according to some research, can be dated back to around 3500 B.C., and the ancient Egyptians played an important role in industrializing it. In the early 1800s, the French confectioner (甜食商) Nicolas Appert began to use glass as a food preservation method when he discovered that foods could be preserved and prolonged by boiling them at high temperatures and then sealing them in glass containers. Glass provides a barrier against gasses and micro-organisms, can be sterilized, and is easy to reuse. It is also 100% recyclable without loss of quality or purity. But why isn’t glass used more often? Primarily because it’s extremely fragile and can be very heavy, leading to high transportation costs.
根据一些研究，玻璃的历史可以追溯到公元前 3500 年左右，古埃及人在玻璃工业化方面发挥了重要作用。1800 年代初期，法国糖果商 （甜食商） Nicolas Appert 开始使用玻璃作为食品保鲜方法，当时他发现食物可以通过在高温下煮沸然后密封在玻璃容器中来保存和保存。玻璃提供对气体和微生物的屏障，可以消毒，并且易于重复使用。它也是 100% 可回收的，不会损失质量或纯度。但是为什么不更频繁地使用玻璃呢？主要是因为它非常脆弱并且可能非常重，导致运输成本高。

Metal packaging also dates back to ancient times, when boxes and cups were made from silver and gold. Other metals and stronger alloys were developed over time, during which iron, tin and steel came into use. Metal canisters (小罐) were invented around the 1760s but were unpopular due to the toxicity of the metals used. It wasn’t until the 1800s that these containers became popular. They were first used to preserve foods in the form of tin containers. Like glass, metals have good barrier properties, are heat-resistant, and can be heat-treated and sealed for sterility. They are also recyclable.
金属包装也可以追溯到古代，当时盒子和杯子是由银和金制成的。随着时间的推移，其他金属和更坚固的合金得到了发展，在此期间，铁、锡和钢开始使用。金属罐 （小罐） 是在 1760 年代左右发明的，但由于所用金属的毒性而不受欢迎。直到 1800 年代，这些容器才开始流行起来。它们最初用于以锡容器的形式保存食物。与玻璃一样，金属具有良好的阻隔性能、耐热性，并且可以进行热处理和密封以实现无菌。它们也是可回收的。

Plastic is the most versatile and commonly-used material due to its lightness and resistance to heat. In the 19th century, plastic was mainly used for military and wartime purposes. It wasn’t until the 1950s that plastics became popularized in the food industry. Plastic materials can also provide barriers to moisture, gasses and chemicals, and most plastics can be recycled.
塑料因其轻便和耐热性而成为用途最广和最常用的材料。在 19 世纪，塑料主要用于军事和战时目的。直到 1950 年代，塑料才在食品工业中普及。塑料材料还可以阻挡湿气、气体和化学品，并且大多数塑料都可以回收利用。

Now that you know a little bit about food packaging, the next time you pick something up at the store you can know why it’s in the packaging it’s in. And when you’re done with it, don’t forget to properly dispose of or recycle it!
现在您对食品包装有了一点了解，下次您在商店取货时，您可以知道为什么它会出现在包装中。用完后，别忘了妥善处理或回收它！

1. What type of food packaging has the longest history according to the passage?
1. 根据文章，什么类型的食品包装历史最长？

A: Paper.
答：纸。

B: Glass.
B：玻璃。

C: Metal.
C：金属。

D: Plastic.
D：塑料。

2. What can we learn about glass packaging?
2. 关于玻璃包装，我们可以学到什么？

A: It was first used to preserve food by the ancient Egyptians.
答：它最初被古埃及人用来保存食物。

B: It can be reused for food preservation just like paper.
B：它可以像纸张一样重新用于食品保存。

C: It can’t be recycled without the loss of quality or purity.
C： 它不能在不损失质量或纯度的情况下回收。

D: It is less often used due to its delicacy and weight.
D：由于其精致和重量，它不常使用。

3. Metal canisters as a form of food packaging were unpopular at first because _______.
3. 金属罐作为一种食品包装形式起初并不受欢迎，因为_______。

A: they were not strong enough to preserve food for long
答：它们的强度不足以长时间保存食物

B: the process of making them was much more complicated
B：制作它们的过程要复杂得多

C: the metals they were made of at that time were poisonous
C：当时它们是由有毒的金属制成的

D: the metals used to make them were too precious and expensive
D：用于制造它们的金属太贵重且昂贵

4. Compared with other forms of packaging material, what unique advantage does plastic have?
4. 与其他形式的包装材料相比，塑料有什么独特的优势？

A: It is lightweight.
A： 它很轻。

B: It can mostly be recycled.
B：它大部分可以回收利用。

C: It has good barrier properties.
C：具有良好的阻隔性能。

D: It can adapt to different levels of heat.
D：它可以适应不同程度的热量。

5. What reminder does the author give the reader at the end of the passage?
5. 作者在文章的结尾给了读者什么提醒？

A: Keep learning more about food packaging.
答：继续了解有关食品包装的更多信息。

B: Only buy food that has proper packaging.
B：只购买包装适当的食物。

C: Ensure you buy food of the best quality and safety.
C： 确保您购买的食品质量最好、最安全。

D: Remember to dispose of food packaging material properly.
D： 记得妥善处理食品包装材料。

答案：ADCDD

阅读理解 11

Taxi Driver Wisdom is a book offering a glimpse into the world of the New York taxi drivers. Back in the 1990s, an American author had a brilliant idea for a book: collect life wisdom from New York City taxi drivers. After all, what better place to hear gems (精华) about life? As the author wrote in the book introduction, “…New York cab drivers are the world’s most accessible source of truth and wisdom,” and the fact that many of them were raised in other countries only enriches the perspectives gained during cab rides.
Taxi Driver Wisdom 是一本让您一窥纽约出租车司机世界的书。早在 1990 年代，一位美国作家就想出了一个绝妙的写书主意：从纽约市的出租车司机那里收集生活智慧。毕竟，还有什么地方比这里更适合聆听关于生活的精华呢？正如作者在书的序言中所写的那样，“......纽约出租车司机是世界上最容易获得的真理和智慧的来源“，他们中的许多人是在其他国家长大的，这一事实只会丰富在乘坐出租车时获得的观点。

One of my favorite quotations from the book comes from a taxi driver who shared this wonderful life insight: “I see more of what is going on around me because I am not concerned with finding a parking place.” In other words, the taxi driver sees more by looking at less.
这本书中我最喜欢的一句话来自一位出租车司机，他分享了这个美妙的人生见解：“我看到周围发生的事情更多了，因为我不关心找到停车位。换句话说，出租车司机通过看得更少而看到更多。

Vision is often primary among our senses in obtaining information from our environments. It frequently overrides the other senses, a term known as “visual capture”. The human brain is structured so that more space is dedicated to vision than other senses, and we are influenced more often and more powerfully by what we see than by what we hear, smell, taste, or touch.
视觉通常是我们感官中从环境中获取信息的主要因素。它经常凌驾于其他感官之上，这个术语被称为“视觉捕捉”。人脑的结构使得比其他感官有更多的空间专门用于视觉，我们受到所见所见的影响，而不是我们听到的、闻到的、尝到的或触摸到的，更频繁、更强大。

A ventriloquist (口技艺人) act is a good example: Ventriloquists do the talking for themselves and their dummies (仿照物). However, in this “ventriloquism effect”, people look at the dummy as it “talks”, knowing fully well that the words are actually coming from the ventriloquist.
口技艺人 （ventriloquist） 表演就是一个很好的例子：口技艺人为自己和他们的假人 （仿照物） 说话。然而，在这种 “腹语效应 ”中，人们看着假人 “说话 ”，完全知道这些话实际上是来自口技师。

The ways in which we “see” affect our thinking, particularly our creative thinking. The taxi driver quotation points to this: By removing the stress of finding a parking place, our attention becomes more focused, and we “see” more. When searching for creative ideas, people often “ignore the unexpected”. Because the focus is on that elusive (难以发现的) parking space, perhaps they miss out on the beautiful fountain by the side of the road, a famous landmark, or even the billboard from their family wishing them a happy birthday. They miss the interesting things others find curious and take the time to see closely.
我们 “看到 ”的方式影响着我们的思维，特别是我们的创造性思维。出租车司机的名言指出了这一点：通过消除寻找停车位的压力，我们的注意力变得更加集中，我们“看到”的也更多。在寻找创意时，人们往往会 “忽略意想不到的”。因为重点是那个难以捉摸的（难以发现的）停车位，也许他们错过了路边美丽的喷泉、著名的地标，甚至错过了他们家人祝他们生日快乐的广告牌。他们错过了别人觉得好奇的有趣事物，并花时间仔细观察。

As was known, Alexander Fleming wasn’t the first person to observe how mold grew from exposed cultures. Other scientists didn’t give this a second thought. However, Fleming took the time to notice and explore the possibilities. Instead of looking for a parking space, his curiosity saw something different, leading to the invention of life-saving penicillin.
众所周知，亚历山大·弗莱明 （Alexander Fleming） 并不是第一个观察到霉菌如何从暴露的培养物中生长出来的人。其他科学家没有多想。然而，弗莱明花时间注意到并探索了这些可能性。他的好奇心没有寻找停车位，而是看到了不同的东西，从而发明了救命的青霉素。

To enhance creativity, one idea is to “slow” your vision and begin to see things that otherwise would have been overlooked. And perhaps you will find a parking space too.
为了提高创造力，一个想法是 “放慢 ”你的视力，开始看到原本会被忽视的事物。也许您也会找到停车位。

1. Why did the author of the book Taxi Driver Wisdom decide to collect ideas from New York cab drivers?
1. 为什么《出租车司机的智慧》一书的作者决定收集纽约出租车司机的想法？

A: Because they may have different insights about life.
A：因为他们对生活可能有不同的见解。

B: Because their passengers are from different countries.
B：因为他们的乘客来自不同的国家。

C: Because they can see much more about the city than others.
C：因为他们比其他人能看到更多关于这座城市的信息。

D: Because they don’t care about finding parking places quickly.
D：因为他们不在乎快速找到停车位。

2. What does the author try to illustrate by the example about a ventriloquist act in Para. 4?
2. 作者试图通过第 4 段中关于口技表演的例子来说明什么？

A: Ventriloquists are very creative people.
答：口技师是非常有创造力的人。

B: Visual capture is not always dependable.
B：视觉捕捉并不总是可靠的。

C: We gain information with different senses.
C：我们用不同的感官获取信息。

D: Our vision affects us more than other senses.
D：我们的视觉比其他感官更能影响我们。

3. In Paras. 5–7 (the last three paragraphs), “a parking space” is frequently used to refer to _____________.
3. 在第 5-7 段（最后三段）中，“停车位”经常被用来指代_____________。

A: a parking place in any busy urban area
A：任何繁忙城市地区的停车位

B: a creative idea that is never expected
B：意想不到的创意

C: something one has intended to find
C：一个人打算找到的东西

D: something that can be overlooked
D：可以被忽视的东西

4. How can people improve their creativity according to the author?
4. 作者认为人们如何提高他们的创造力？

A: They must slow their pace of life and live with no stress.
答：他们必须放慢生活节奏，不要有压力地生活。

B: They must be curious and notice things that are different.
B：他们必须充满好奇心并注意到不同的事物。

C: They must learn from taxi drivers and try to look at less.
C：他们必须向出租车司机学习，尽量少看。

D: They must be focused and ignore things that are unexpected.
D：他们必须专注，忽略意想不到的事情。

5. What is the central idea of the passage?
5. 这段经文的中心思想是什么？

A: New York taxi drivers are full of wisdom.
答：纽约的出租车司机充满了智慧。

B: Taxi Driver Wisdom is an interesting book.
B：《出租车司机的智慧》是一本有趣的书。

C: How we “see” affects our creative thinking.
C：我们如何“看到”会影响我们的创造性思维。

D: Creativity is an ability that can be enhanced.
D：创造力是一种可以增强的能力。

答案：ADCBC

阅读理解 12

By far the most common difficulty in study is simple failure to get down to regular concentrated work. This difficulty is much greater for those who do not work to a plan and have no regular routine of study. Many students muddle along, doing a bit of this subject or that, as the mood takes them, or letting their work pile up until the last possible moment.
到目前为止，学习中最常见的困难是无法进行定期的集中工作。对于那些没有按计划工作且没有规律学习的人来说，这种困难要大得多。许多学生混沌过来，根据心情做一点这个或那个科目，或者让他们的作业堆积到最后一刻。

Few students work to a set timetable. They say that if they did construct a timetable for themselves, they would not keep to it, or would have to alter it constantly, since they can never predict from one day to the next what their activities will be.
很少有学生按照固定的时间表工作。他们说，如果他们真的为自己构建了一个时间表，他们就不会遵守它，或者不得不不断地改变它，因为他们永远无法预测他们的活动从一天到明天会是什么。

No doubt some temperaments take much more kindly to a regular routine than others. There are many who shy away from the self-regimentation (自我管制) of a weekly timetable, and dislike being tied down to a definite program of work. Many able students claim that they work in cycles. When they become interested in a topic, they work on it intensively for three or four days at a time. On other days they avoid work completely.
毫无疑问，有些气质比其他性情更善于接受规律的作息。许多人回避每周时间表的自我管制，不喜欢被束缚在明确的工作计划中。许多有能力的学生声称他们是循环工作的。当他们对某个主题感兴趣时，他们一次会集中精力研究三到四天。在其他日子里，他们完全避免工作。

It has to be confessed that we do not fully understand the complexities of the motivation to work. Most people over 25 years of age have become conditioned to a work routine, and the majority of really productive workers set aside regular hours for the more important aspects of their work. The "tough-minded" school of workers is usually very contemptuous (蔑视的) of the idea that good work can only be done spontaneously under the influence of inspiration. The most energetic of authors, Anthony Trollope wrote: “There are those…who think that the man who works with imagination should allow himself to wait till inspiration moves him. When I have heard such doctrine preached (宣扬), I have hardly been able to repress my scorn.”
不得不承认，我们并不完全理解工作动机的复杂性。大多数 25 岁以上的人已经习惯了工作习惯，大多数真正有生产力的员工都会为他们工作中更重要的方面留出正常的时间。“强硬”的工人学派通常非常鄙视（蔑视的）这样一种观点，即好的工作只能在灵感的影响下自发地完成。最有活力的作家安东尼·特罗洛普 （Anthony Trollope） 写道：“有那些......他们认为与想象力合作的人应该让自己等待，直到灵感打动他。当我听到这样的教义被宣扬时，我几乎无法抑制我的轻蔑。

Those who believe that they need only work and study as the spirit takes them have a mistaken belief either in their own talent or in the value of “freedom”. Freedom from restraint and discipline leads to unhappiness rather than to “self-expression” or “personality development”. Our society insists on regular habits, time-keeping and punctuality, and whether we like it or not, if we mean to make our way in society we have to comply with its demands. We need not stick too rigidly to plans and time-tables, but plans there must be. Otherwise, effort is wasted, and time is dribbled away to no purpose. A sensible routine of work, so far from destroying spontaneity or creativity, should actually foster the best condition for creative work.
那些认为他们只需要按照精神的方式工作和学习的人，要么是错误的信念，要么是自己的才能，要么是 “自由 ”的价值。不受约束和纪律的自由会导致不快乐，而不是“自我表达”或“人格发展”。我们的社会坚持有规律的习惯、守时和守时，无论我们喜欢与否，如果我们想要在社会中闯出一片天，就必须遵守它的要求。我们不需要太严格地遵守计划和时间表，但必须有计划。否则，努力就会白费，时间就会毫无意义地浪费。一个明智的工作程序，远非破坏自发性或创造力，实际上应该为创造性工作创造最好的条件。

1. According to the author, what is the most widespread problem in study?
1. 根据作者的说法，研究中最普遍的问题是什么？

A: Lack of a systematic plan for study.
答：缺乏系统的学习计划。

B: Failure to keep to a set study timetable.
B：未能遵守既定的学习时间表。

C: Inability to create a study environment.
C：无法创建研究环境。

D: Distractions of routine activities from study.
D：日常活动分散了学习的注意力。

2. If students work intensively for several days when they are interested in a topic and then avoid work entirely on other days, they are those who _________.
2. 如果学生在对某个主题感兴趣时集中工作几天，然后在其他日子完全避免工作，那么他们就是_________的人。

A: work in cycles
A：循环工作

B: muddle along
B：混沌过来

C: follow a regular routine
C：遵循规律的作息

D: change their timetable constantly
D：不断更改他们的时间表

3. What can we learn from Para. 4?
3. 我们可以从第 4 段学到什么？

A: Most people over 25 years of age don’t work to a set timetable.
答：大多数 25 岁以上的人没有按照固定的时间表工作。

B: Productive workers do more important work when they feel like it.
B：高效的员工在他们愿意的时候做更重要的工作。

C: Tough-minded people agree that good work is done unplanned.
C：意志坚强的人都认为，好的工作是无计划地完成的。

D: Anthony Trollope is a good example of a tough-minded worker.
D：Anthony Trollope 是坚韧不拔的工人的一个很好的例子。

4. The underlined part “as the spirit takes them” in the last paragraph means ________.
4. 最后一段中带下划线的部分“如灵带他们”的意思是________。

A: when they have time
A：当他们有时间时

B: when they are in the mood
B：当他们心情好的时候

C: when they feel healthy and well
C：当他们感觉健康时

D: when they find conditions suitable
D：当他们找到合适的条件时

5. What is author’s advice in the last paragraph?
5. 最后一段中的作者建议是什么？

A: Time is precious, so don’t waste it
答：时间很宝贵，所以不要浪费它

B: Plans and timetables should allow flexibility.
B：计划和时间表应允许灵活性。

C: Following a timetable is vitally important.
C：遵循时间表至关重要。

D: Restraint and discipline can destroy creativity.
D：克制和纪律会破坏创造力。

答案：BADBC