General Guidance on writing up your Qualitative Lab Report
撰写 定性实验室报告的一般指南

* Request: Would you be happy to allow staff to show a version of your report, once you’ve submitted it, to other students to help them improve? The report would be anonymised and agreeing or disagreeing will have no influence on the mark or feedback that you receive.
* 要求：您愿意让工作人员在您提交报告后向其他学生展示您的报告版本以帮助他们改进吗？举报将进行匿名化处理，同意或不同意对您收到的商标或反馈没有影响。

 If you say nothing, we will take that to mean that you want to keep your report to yourself; but if you’re happy to share, please paste this text at the top of your submitted report:
如果您什么都没说，我们会认为这意味着您想将报告保密;但如果您愿意分享，请将 此文本粘贴到您提交的报告顶部：

“I am happy for my report to be anonymised and used to support students’ report writing”.
“我很高兴我的报告被匿名化并用于支持学生的报告写作”。

Title –
标题 –

You decide the title based on your understanding of the lab
您可以根据对实验室的理解来决定标题

Structured abstract
结构化摘要

* No more than 200 words
* 不超过 200 字

* The spaces between each section are removed in journal articles. You can remove them, to create a single block of text, but keep the main section headings in bold so that your reader can easily see each section.
* 在期刊文章中，每个部分之间的空格将被删除。您可以删除它们，以创建单个文本块，但将主要部分标题s 保留为粗体，以便您的读者可以轻松查看每个部分。

Rationale and Aims
基本原理和目标

Your research may have investigated something entirely new, which makes the rationale easily to justify - e.g., there may be a gap in scientific knowledge that you are going to address. However, your practical class may involve something that is well known, and this means that you cannot give such a strong rationale. If so, mention something here about the background to the study from what is already known.
您的研究可能调查了全新的事物，这使得理由很容易证明 - 例如，您将要解决的科学知识可能存在差距。但是，您的实践课程可能涉及众所周知的事情，这意味着您无法给出如此有力的理由。如果是这样，请在此处提及有关已知研究背景的信息。

Aim of the study: this could be hypothesis driven or exploratory. In a qualitative report the aim can be the broad research question (e.g., something you want to find out and therefore decide to interview/survey people about). The research aim of a qualitative report does not have to involve a directional hypothesis (e.g., women are wiser than men).
研究目的： 这可以是假设驱动的或探索性的。在定性报告中，目标可以是 广泛的研究问题（例如，您想了解并 因此决定采访/调查人们的事情）。 定性报告的研究目标不必涉及方向性假设（例如，女性比男性更聪明）。

Method
方法

Who are your participants and, briefly, what kind of task did you use (e.g., an online survey or semi-structured interviews with participants)? Briefly, what did the survey questions ask participants about (i.e., the broad topic of questions. Do not list all the specific questions asked in your abstract)? You are not manipulating any variables in a qualitative report (i.e., there are no IVs or DVs).
您的参与者是谁，简要地说，您使用了哪种任务（例如，在线调查或 与参与者进行半结构化访谈）？简而言之，调查问题向参与者询问了什么 （即问题的广泛主题。不要在你的摘要中列出所有具体问题 ）？您没有在定性报表中操纵任何变量（即，没有 IV 或 DV）。

Results
结果

What did you find? State how many themes you found, the theme structure (only applicable if you have sub-themes) and what you named each theme. Do not go into specifics about what the themes involve in your abstract – save this information for your results section.
您发现了什么？说明您找到的主题数量、主题结构 （仅在您有子主题时适用） 以及每个主题的命名。不要详细说明摘要中涉及的主题 - 将此信息保存到您的结果部分。

Conclusions
结论

The implications and/or limitations of your results. How do your themes compare to those reported in previous research on this topic? What were the similarities? What were the differences (e.g., did you find anything novel?) Was there anything that could be done in a future study to improve your current study (e.g., different interview method?). You only need 1-2 sentences max here – it is a brief summary of your discussion.
结果的含义和/或局限性。 您的主题与之前关于该主题的研究中报告的主题相比如何？有什么相似之处？有什么区别（例如，你有没有找到什么新奇的东西？ 在未来的研究中是否可以做些什么来改进您当前的研究（例如，不同的访谈方法？）。 您在这里最多只需要 1-2 句话 – 这是您讨论的简短摘要。

*Start a new page for your introduction*
*为您的介绍创建一个新页面*

Introduction
介绍

* No more than 400 words
* 不超过 400 字

* Your Structured Abstract begins with a Rationale or Background. Begin your introduction by expanding this in the introduction, perhaps a single paragraph that explains what the psychological phenomenon is that you’re exploring, the results of a single study (or a few key studies) that examines it and why your current study is needed (e.g., what are you trying to find out? Why is this research question theoretically significant?). This might be only a single paragraph.
* 您的结构化摘要以基本原理或背景开始。通过在引言中扩展这一点来开始你的引言，也许是一段解释你正在探索的心理现象是什么，一项研究（或一些关键研究）的结果，以及为什么需要你目前的研究（例如，你想找出什么？为什么这个研究问题在理论上具有重要意义？。这可能只是一个段落。

* Your Structured Abstract included brief statements about your Aims and Method. Next expand on this information. This might be a second, single paragraph. It might be useful for you to look at some published journal articles to get a feel for the level of detail that are included in this part of the introduction. Often the final paragraph of the introduction, just before the Methods section, specifies the research aims (e.g., the purpose of the research), briefly re-caps why this research study is significant, and outlines the chosen method.
* 您的结构化摘要包括关于您的目标和方法的简短陈述。接下来扩展此信息。这可能是第二个段落。查看一些已发表的期刊文章，以了解这部分引言中包含的详细程度，可能会对您有所帮助。通常，引言的最后一段，就在方法部分之前，指定了研究目标（例如，研究的目的），简要回顾了为什么这项研究很重要，并概述了所选择的方法。

Method
方法

* Most journals are flexible about the sub-headings that are used in Methods sections, because studies vary. Here are some typical headings that will probably work in most qualitative research reports, but you should also consult published qualitative research in psychology.
* 大多数期刊对方法部分使用的副标题持灵活态度，因为研究各不相同。以下是一些典型的标题，这些标题可能在大多数定性研究报告中都有效，但您也应该查阅已发表的心理学定性研究。

Participants
参与者

* Who were your participants?
* 您的参与者是谁？

* How were your participants recruited (e.g., a convenience sample from where)?
*您的参与者是如何被发现的（例如，来自哪里的便利样本）？

* Include information about the mean age and age range, standard deviation of age and genders of participants in your data set.
*包括有关数据集中参与者的平均年龄和年龄范围、年龄标准差和性别的信息。

* Briefly state that 10 participants’ responses were selected from a larger data corpus collected from all psychology students completing the lab class. However, you do not need to give details on the mean age, gender or number of participants in the data corpus.
*简要说明，10 名参与者的回答是从 从完成实验课的所有心理学学生那里收集的更大的数据语料库中选出的。 但是，您无需在数据语料库中提供有关平均年龄、性别或参与者人数的详细信息。

* You also do not need to state how your data set was selected. You would give this information in a published manuscript, but your selection was made by your lecturer simply to accommodate the time constraints of this assessment!
*您也不需要说明您的数据集是如何选择的。您会在已发表的手稿中提供这些信息，但您的选择是由您的讲师做出的，只是为了适应此评估的时间限制！

Apparatus (DELETE THIS WHOLE SECTION):
仪器 （DELETE THIS WHOLE SECTION）：

* This is not needed.
* 这不是 必需的。

* It is very unlikely that completing this online survey on the lab’s iMac vs. your own laptop altered participants’ responses.
* 在技工所的 iMac 上完成这项在线调查与您自己的笔记本电脑完成这项在线调查不太可能改变参与者的回答。

Stimuli (DELETE THIS WHOLE SECTION):
刺激 （删除此整部分）：

* This is NOT needed.
*这不是必需的。

* You do not have stimuli per se in this report. The online survey can be described as part of the data collection and procedure section (see below).
*本报告中没有刺激因素本身。在线调查可以描述为数据收集和程序部分的一部分（见下文）。

Data Collection and Procedure:
Data 采集和程序：

* How did you collect the data (e.g., with an online survey via the software of Qualtrics or semi-structured interviews with participants?)
* 您是如何收集数据的（例如，通过 Qualtrics 软件进行在线调查或对参与者进行半结构化访谈？

* List the name of the survey participants completed and all of the questions in the order that they appeared in the survey (do not put the questions in your appendix). Helpful hint: for the name of the survey and the academic reference: check the lecture slides on ‘autobiographical Wisdom’. The survey questions are also available for you on Moodle.
* 按照他们在调查中出现的顺序列出已完成的调查参与者的姓名和所有问题（不要将问题放在附录中）。有用的提示：有关调查的名称和学术参考资料：查看“自传式智慧”的讲座幻灯片。调查问题也可以在 Moodle 上找到。

* Did we adapt the original survey in any way, if so, how (e.g., administering it online rather than in an interview format? etc)
* 我们是否以任何方式调整了原始调查，如果是，如何调整（例如，在线管理而不是以访谈形式管理？ 等）

Data Analysis (YES IN THE METHOD SECTION!):
数据分析（在方法部分是！

* What type of analysis will you use? If it is a thematic analysis, what type (inductive or deductive)? What level will you identify the themes at (e.g., semantic or latent)?
* 您将使用什么类型的分析？如果是主题分析，什么类型（归纳或演绎）？您将在哪个级别 （例如，语义或潜在）确定主题？

* What epistemological standpoint will you apply?
* 您将采用 什么认识论立场？

* What are the analytic steps taken to analyse the data? Helpful hint: refer to the Braun & Clarke (2006) article on using thematic analysis in psychological research.
* 分析数据采取了哪些分析步骤？有用的提示：参考Braun & Clarke（2006）关于在心理学研究中使用主题分析的文章。

* When you discuss the step about collating your codes, refer the reader to a Table (in APA format) in your appendix that details all of your collated codes used to generate your themes, including any codes that were later excluded from the analysis in the later steps.
*当您讨论有关整理代码的步骤时，请向读者参考附录中的表格（APA 格式），其中详细说明 了用于生成 主题的所有 整理代码，包括后来在后续步骤中从分析中排除的任何代码。

Results
结果

1. Tell your reader how many themes you identified and the name of each theme. You should also specify the theme structure, but only if you have any sub-themes. Do not make this sound like a passive process (e.g., three themes emerged from the analysis). You did the thematic analysis, so you should take ownership of it…. E.G:
1. 告诉您的读者您确定了多少个主题以及每个主题的名称。您还应该指定主题结构，但前提是您有任何子主题。 不要 让这听起来像一个被动的过程（例如，分析中出现了三个主题）。你做了主题分析，所以你应该拥有它的所有权。例如：

“From the thematic analysis, I identified the following two themes: addiction to fast food and lack of time to cook with one sub-theme of convenience and modern changes to lifestyle values.”
“从主题分析中，我确定了以下两个主题：对快餐上瘾和没有时间做饭，其中一个子主题是便利和 生活方式价值观的现代变化。“

You can produce a Figure of your thematic map, if you want (but only if you feel that a Figure is necessary due to a complicated theme structure). A Figure is not necessary if you have a simple theme structure, because it doesn’t aid interpretation above and beyond your text description.
如果需要，您可以制作专题图的 Figure（但前提是您认为由于主题结构复杂而需要 Figure）。如果您有简单的主题结构，则不需要 Figure，因为它无助于文本描述之外的解释。

2. Describe each of your themes in turn.
2. 依次描述您的每个主题。

Discuss each of the unique ideas (or codes) that fall under each theme. This should not be a list of codes in written form. This can be seen from your table of collated codes. Instead, this should be a written justification that shows how codes are related to one another and shows how they speak to the research question. Provide evidence to show support for your themes. For each theme, try to select 2-3 quotations from different participants. It is ok to shorten the quotations, just do not lose too much context, because if you do this, it will look as though you are being too selective and trying to make your data fit your theme.
讨论属于每个主题的每一个独特想法（或代码）。这不应该是书面形式的代码列表。这可以从您的整理代码表中看出。相反，这应该是一个书面理由，说明代码如何相互关联，并说明它们如何与研究问题对话。提供证据以表明对您的主题的支持。对于每个主题，尝试从不同的参与者中选择 2-3 条引文。缩短引文是可以的，只是不要丢失太多上下文，因为如果你这样做，看起来你太挑剔了，试图让你的数据符合你的主题。

An example of describing a theme in your results section:
在结果部分中描述主题的示例：

(1) Addiction to fast food.
（1） 快餐成瘾。

 Many participants explained their unhealthy eating habits were caused by an addiction to fast food. Participants described how they grew up attending McDonald’s birthday parties and they have continued to go to similar fast-food restaurants in adulthood. Participants described how they felt addicted to the food served at these types of restaurants and they would crave it if they did not eat in these restaurants fairly frequently.
许多参与者解释说，他们不健康的饮食习惯是由快餐成瘾引起的。参与者描述了他们是如何参加麦当劳的生日派对长大的，并且在 成年后他们继续去类似的快餐店。参与者描述了他们对这些类型餐厅提供的食物上瘾的感觉， 如果他们不经常在这些餐厅用餐，他们会渴望它。

“…I don’t know. I guess I kinda got addicted in childhood. Birthday parties at McDonalds were fairly common when I was growing up, although I don’t think kids go anymore. It’s all about healthy eating these days, but I just crave it, if I do not go at least one a week.”
“......我不知道。我想我在童年时有点上瘾了。在我成长的过程中，麦当劳的生日派对相当普遍，尽管我认为孩子们不再去了。这些天一切都是关于健康饮食的，但我只是渴望它，如果我每周至少去一次。

Participant #8
参与者 #8

Discussion
讨论

* No more than 400 words. This Discussion is substantially briefer than in journal articles.
* 不超过 400 字。 这个讨论比期刊文章要简短得多。

* Briefly repeat the main findings of your work at a *descriptive* level (e.g., wisdom in this sample was described as… [insert your themes]).
* 简要地在*描述性*层面上介绍您工作的主要发现（例如，此示例中的智慧被描述为......[插入您的主题]）。

* Are your themes similar in content to themes found in previous literature?
* 您的主题在内容上是否与以前文献中的主题相似？

* Are your themes different in content to themes found in previous literature? Did you find any novel themes? If so, why do you think you found differences from past research?
* 您的主题在内容上与以前文献中的主题不同吗？你找到什么新颖的主题了吗？ 如果是这样，您认为为什么您发现了与过去研究的不同之处？

* Were there any study limitations? If so, what were they and how did they impact your findings? What would you do differently in a future study to fix these limitations?
* 是否有任何研究局限性？如果是这样，它们是什么，它们如何影响您的发现？在未来的研究中，您会采取哪些不同的措施来解决这些限制？

* How do you think your findings contribute to the literature? Do they offer any theoretical extensions to existing theory and/or findings? Or do they confirm what has been found already?
* 您认为您的发现对文献有何贡献？他们是否为现有理论和/或发现提供了任何理论扩展？还是他们确认已经找到的东西？

References
引用

* Use APA formatting
* 使用 APA 格式

Figures/Tables
图/表

* Give each of your graphs, tables or other figures a page of their own.
* 为您的每个图表、表格或其他图表提供自己的页面。

* You MUST INCLUDE A TABLE OF YOUR COLLATED CODES. Use of Tables/figures is on the marking rubric, so ensure you include this information in an APA formatted table.
* 您必须包括一个整理代码表。使用表格/图表是评分标准，因此请确保将此信息包含在 APA 格式的表格中。

* Remember Figures are optional and only necessary with a complicated theme structure
* 记住数字是可选的，只有在复杂的主题结构中才是必需的

Appendices
附录

* It’s unusual to find appendices in published journal reports but you might find a use for them.
* 在已发表的期刊报告中找到附录并不常见，但您可能会发现它们有用。